


                    "   TURBO-C 2.0"


                          㭪樨  

                           TURBO-C Ver 2.0


                        ॢ  ᪮

                             . 誮




                          ⮢-/ 1989.






    1. ALLOC                                                            1
         1.1. brk                                                       2
         1.2. calloc                                                    2
         1.3. coreleft                                                  2
         1.4. farcalloc                                                 2
         1.5. farcoreleft                                               3
         1.6. farfree                                                   3
         1.7. farmalloc                                                 3
         1.8. farrealloc                                                3
         1.9. free                                                      3
         1.10. malloc                                                   4
         1.11. realloc                                                  4
         1.12. sbrk                                                     4
    2. ASSERT                                                           4
         2.1. assert                                                    4
    3. BIOS                                                             5
         3.1. bioscom                                                   5
         3.2. biosdisk                                                  5
         3.3. biosequip                                                 5
         3.4. bioskey                                                   6
         3.5. biosmemory                                                6
         3.6. biosprint                                                 6
         3.7. biostime                                                  6
    4. CONIO                                                            6
         4.1. cgets                                                     7
         4.2. clreol                                                    7
         4.3. clrscr                                                    7
         4.4. cprintf                                                   7
         4.5. cputs                                                     8
         4.6. cscanf                                                    8
         4.7. delline                                                   8
         4.8. getch, getche                                             8
         4.9. getpass                                                   8
         4.10. gettext                                                  9
         4.11. gettextinfo                                              9
         4.12. gotoxy                                                   9
         4.13. highvideo                                                9
         4.14. insline                                                 10

         4.15. kbhit                                                   10
         4.16. lowvideo                                                10
         4.17. movetext                                                10
         4.18. normvideo                                               10
         4.19. putch                                                   11
         4.20. puttext                                                 11
         4.21. textattr                                                11
         4.22. textbackground                                          11
         4.23. textcolor                                               11
         4.24. textmode                                                12
         4.25. ungetch                                                 12
         4.26. wherex, wherey                                          12
         4.27. window                                                  12
    5. CTYPE                                                           12
         5.1.                                                   13
         5.2. tolower                                                  13
         5.2. toupper                                                  14
    6. DIR                                                             14
         6.1. chdir                                                    14
         6.2. findfirst, findnext                                      14
         6.3. fnmerge                                                  14
         6.4. fnsplit                                                  15
         6.5. getcurdir                                                15
         6.6. getcwd                                                   15
         6.7. getdisk                                                  15
         6.8. mkdir                                                    16
         6.9. mktemp                                                   16
         6.10. rmdir                                                   16
         6.11. searchpath                                              16
         6.12. setdisk                                                 16
    7. DOS                                                             17
         7.1. absread, abswrite                                        17
         7.2. allocmem                                                 18
         7.3. bdos                                                     18
         7.4. bdosptr                                                  18
         7.5. country                                                  18
         7.6. ctrlbrk                                                  18
         7.7. delay                                                    19
         7.8. disable                                                  19

         7.9. dosexterr                                                19
         7.10. dostounix                                               19
         7.11. enable                                                  19
         7.12. freemem                                                 19
         7.13. geninterrupt                                            20
         7.14. getcbrk                                                 20
         7.15. getcwd                                                  20
         7.16. getdate                                                 20
         7.17. getdfree                                                20
         7.18. getdta                                                  20
         7.19. getfat                                                  21
         7.20. getfatd                                                 21
         7.21. getftime                                                21
         7.22. getpsp                                                  21
         7.23. gettime                                                 21
         7.24. getvect                                                 22
         7.25. getverify                                               22
         7.26. harderr                                                 22
         7.27. hardresume                                              22
         7.28. hardretn                                                22
         7.29. inport                                                  23
         7.30. inportb                                                 23
         7.31. int86                                                   23
         7.32. int86x                                                  23
         7.33. intdos                                                  24
         7.34. intdosx                                                 24
         7.35. intr                                                    24
         7.36. keep                                                    24
         7.37. nosound                                                 25
         7.38. outport                                                 25
         7.39. outportb                                                25
         7.40. parsfnm                                                 25
         7.41. peek                                                    25
         7.42. peekb                                                   25
         7.43. poke                                                    26
         7.44. pokeb                                                   26
         7.45. randbrd                                                 26
         7.46. randbwr                                                 26
         7.47. segread                                                 27

         7.48. setblock                                                27
         7.49. setcbrk                                                 27
         7.50. setdate                                                 27
         7.51. setdta                                                  27
         7.52. settime                                                 28
         7.53. setvect                                                 28
         7.54. setverify                                               28
         7.55. sleep                                                   28
         7.56. sound                                                   28
         7.57. unixtodos                                               29
         7.58. unlink                                                  29
         7.59. __emit__                                                29
         7.60. FP_OFF, FP_SEG, MK_FP                                   29
         7.61. inp                                                     29
         7.62. outb                                                    29
    8. ERRNO                                                           30
         8.1. int _doserrno                                            30
         8.2. int errno                                                30
    9. FCNTL                                                           31
    10. FLOAT                                                          32
         10.1. _clear87                                                32
         10.2. _control87                                              32
         10.3. _fpreset                                                32
         10.4. _status87                                               32
    11. GRAPHICS                                                       33
         11.1. arc                                                     33
         11.2. bar                                                     34
         11.3. bar3d                                                   34
         11.4. circle                                                  34
         11.5. cleardevice                                             34
         11.6. clearviewport                                           34
         11.7. closegraph                                              34
         11.8. detectgraph                                             35
         11.9. drawpoly                                                35
         11.10. ellipse                                                35
         11.11. fillellipse                                            35
         11.12. fillpoly                                               35
         11.13. floodfill                                              36
         11.14. getarccoords                                           36

         11.15. getaspectratio                                         36
         11.16. getbkcolor                                             36
         11.17. getcolor                                               37
         11.18. getdefaultpalette                                      37
         11.19. getdrivername                                          37
         11.20. getfillpattern                                         37
         11.21. getfillsettings                                        37
         11.22. getgraphmode                                           37
         11.23. getimage                                               38
         11.24. getlinesettings                                        38
         11.25. getmaxcolor                                            38
         11.26. getmaxmode                                             38
         11.27. getmaxx, getmaxy                                       38
         11.28. getmodename                                            39
         11.29. getmoderange                                           39
         11.30. getpalette                                             39
         11.31. getpalettesize                                         39
         11.32. getpixel                                               39
         11.33. gettextsettings                                        40
         11.34. getviewsettings                                        40
         11.35. getx                                                   40
         11.36. gety                                                   40
         11.37. graphdefaults                                          40
         11.38. grapherrormsg                                          41
         11.39. _graphfreemem                                          41
         11.40. _graphgetmem                                           41
         11.41. graphresult                                            41
         11.42. imagesize                                              41
         11.43. initgraph                                              42
         11.44. installuserdriver                                      42
         11.45. installuserfont                                        42
         11.46. line                                                   42
         11.47. linerel                                                43
         11.48. lineto                                                 43
         11.49. moverel                                                43
         11.50. moveto                                                 43
         11.51. outtext                                                43
         11.52. outtextxy                                              43
         11.53. pieslice                                               44

         11.54. putimage                                               44
         11.55. putpixel                                               44
         11.56. rectangle                                              44
         11.57. registerbgidriver                                      44
         11.58. registerbgifont                                        45
         11.59. restorecrtmode                                         45
         11.60. sector                                                 45
         11.61. setactivepage                                          45
         11.62. setallpalette                                          45
         11.63. setaspectratio                                         46
         11.64. setbkcolor                                             46
         11.65. setcolor                                               46
         11.66. setfillpattern                                         46
         11.67. setfillstyle                                           46
         11.68. setgraphbufsize                                        47
         11.69. setgraphmode                                           47
         11.70. setlinestyle                                           47
         11.71. setpalette                                             47
         11.72. setrgbcolor                                            48
         11.73. setrgbpalette                                          48
         11.74. settextjustify                                         48
         11.75. settextstyle                                           48
         11.76. setusercharsize                                        49
         11.77. setviewport                                            49
         11.78. setvisualpage                                          49
         11.79. setwritemode                                           49
         11.80. textheight                                             49
         11.81. textwidth                                              50
    12. IO.H                                                           50
         12.1. access                                                  50
         12.2 _chmod                                                   50
         12.3. chmode                                                  51
         12.4. chsize                                                  51
         12.5. _close/close                                            51
         12.6. _creat/creat                                            51
         12.7. creatnew                                                52
         12.8. creattemp                                               52
         12.9. dup                                                     52
         12.10. dup2                                                   52

         12.11. eof                                                    52
         12.12. filelength                                             53
         12.13. getftime                                               53
         12.14. ioctl                                                  53
         12.15. isatty                                                 53
         12.16. lock                                                   54
         12.17. lseek                                                  54
         12.18. _open                                                  54
         12.19. open                                                   54
         12.20. _read                                                  55
         12.21. read                                                   55
         12.22. setftime                                               55
         12.23. setmode                                                55
         12.24. sopen                                                  55
         12.25. tell                                                   56
         12.26. unlink                                                 56
         12.27. unlock                                                 56
         12.28. _write                                                 56
         12.29. write                                                  56
    13. LIMITS                                                         56
         13.1. CHAR_BIT, CHAR_MAX, CHAR_MIN                            57
         13.2. INT_MAX, INT_MIN                                        57
         13.3. LONG_MAX, LONG_MIN                                      57
         13.4. SCHAR_MAX, SCHAR_MIN                                    57
         13.5. SHRT_MAX, SHRT_MIN                                      57
         13.6. UCHAR_MAX                                               57
         13.7. UINT_MAX                                                57
         13.8. ULONG_MAX                                               58
         13.9. USHRT_MAX                                               58
    14. MATH                                                           58
         14.1. :abs                                               58
         14.2. acos                                                    58
         14.3. asin                                                    58
         14.4. atan                                                    59
         14.5. atan2                                                   59
         14.6. atof                                                    59
         14.7. cabs                                                    59
         14.8. ceil                                                    59
         14.9. cos                                                     60

         14.10. cosh                                                   60
         14.11. exp                                                    60
         14.12. fabs                                                   60
         14.13. floor                                                  60
         14.14. fmod                                                   60
         14.15. frexp                                                  60
         14.16. hypot                                                  61
         14.17. labs                                                   61
         14.18. ldexp                                                  61
         14.19. log                                                    61
         14.20. log10                                                  61
         14.21. matherr                                                62
         14.22. modf                                                   62
         14.23. poly                                                   62
         14.24. pow                                                    62
         14.25. pow10                                                  62
         14.26. sin                                                    62
         14.27. sinh                                                   63
         14.28. sqrt                                                   63
         14.29. tan                                                    63
         14.30. tanh                                                   63
    15. MEM                                                            63
         15.1. memccpy                                                 64
         15.2. memchr                                                  64
         15.3. memcmp                                                  64
         15.4. memcpy                                                  64
         15.5. memicmp                                                 64
         15.6. memmove                                                 65
         15.7. memset                                                  65
         15.8. movedata                                                65
         15.9. movmem                                                  65
         15.10. setmem                                                 65
    16. PROCESS                                                        66
         16.1. abort                                                   66
         16.2. exec                                                    66
         16.3. _exit                                                   66
         16.4. exit                                                    67
         16.5. spawn                                                   67
         16.6. system                                                  68

    17. SETJMP                                                         68
         17.1. longjmp                                                 68
         17.2. setjmp                                                  68
    18. SHARE                                                          68
    19. SIGNAL                                                         69
         19.1. raise                                                   69
         19.2. signal                                                  69
    20. STAT                                                           69
         20.1. fstat                                                   69
         20.2. stat                                                    70
    21. STDARG                                                         70
         21.1. va_end                                                  70
         21.2. va_start                                                70
         21.3. va_arg                                                  70
         21.4. va_list                                                 70
    22. STDDEF                                                         71
    23. STDIO                                                          71
         23.1. clearerr                                                71
         23.2. fclose                                                  71
         23.3. fcloseall                                               71
         23.4. fdopen                                                  72
         23.5.  feof(f)                                           72
         23.6.  ferror(f)                                         72
         23.7. fflush                                                  72
         23.8. fgetc                                                   73
         23.9. fgetchar                                                73
         23.10. fgetpos                                                73
         23.11. fgets                                                  73
         23.12.  fileno(f)                                        73
         23.13. flushall                                               74
         23.14. fopen                                                  74
         23.15. fprintf                                                74
         23.16. fputc                                                  76
         23.17. fputchar                                               76
         23.18. fputs                                                  76
         23.19. fread                                                  76
         23.20. freopen                                                77
         23.21. fscanf                                                 77
         23.22. fseek                                                  77

         23.23. fsetpos                                                77
         23.24. ftell                                                  77
         23.25. fwrite                                                 78
         23.26.  getc                                             78
         23.27.  getchar                                          78
         23.28. gets                                                   78
         23.29. getw                                                   79
         23.30. perror                                                 79
         23.31. printf                                                 79
         23.32. putc                                                   79
         23.33. putchar                                                80
         23.34. puts                                                   80
         23.35.putw                                                    80
         23.36.  remove                                           80
         23.37. rename                                                 80
         23.38. rewind                                                 81
         23.39. scanf                                                  81
         23.40. setbuf                                                 81
         23.41. setvbuf                                                81
         23.42. sprintf                                                81
         23.43. sscanf                                                 82
         23.44. _strerror                                              82
         23.45. strerror                                               82
         23.46. tmpfile                                                82
         23.47. tmpnam                                                 83
         23.48. ungetc                                                 83
         23.49. unlink                                                 83
         23.50. vfprintf                                               83
         23.51  vfscanf                                                83
         23.52. vprintf                                                84
         23.53. vscanf                                                 84
         23.54  vsprintf                                               84
         23.55  vsscanf                                                84
    24. STDLIB                                                         85
         24.1. abort                                                   85
         24.2. abs                                                     85
         24.3. atexit                                                  85
         24.4. atof                                                    85
         24.5.  atoi                                              86

         24.6. atol                                                    86
         24.7. bsearch                                                 86
         24.8. calloc                                                  86
         24.9. div, ldiv                                               86
         24.10. ecvt, fcvt                                             87
         24.11. _exit                                                  87
         24.12. exit                                                   87
         24.13. free                                                   87
         24.14. gcvt                                                   87
         24.15. getenv                                                 88
         24.16. itoa                                                   88
         24.17. labs                                                   88
         24.18. lfind, lsearch                                         88
         24.19. _lrotl, _lrotr                                         89
         24.20. ltoa                                                   89
         24.21. malloc                                                 89
         24.22.  max, min                                         89
         24.23. putenv                                                 89
         24.24. qsort                                                  90
         24.25. rand                                                   90
         24.26.  random                                           90
         24.27.  randomize                                        90
         24.28. realloc                                                90
         24.29. _rotl, _rotr                                           91
         24.30. srand                                                  91
         24.31. strtod                                                 91
         24.32. strtol                                                 91
         24.33. strtoul                                                91
         24.34. swab                                                   92
         24.35. system                                                 92
         24.36. ultoa                                                  92
    25. STRING                                                         92
         25.1. memccpy...setmem                                        93
         25.2. stpcpy                                                  93
         25.3. strcat                                                  93
         25.4. strchr                                                  93
         25.5. strcmp                                                  93
         25.6.  strcmpi, strncmpi                                 93
         25.7. strcpy                                                  94

         25.8. strcspn                                                 94
         25.9. strdup                                                  94
         25.10. _strerror                                              94
         25.11. strerror                                               94
         25.12. stricmp                                                94
         25.13. strlen                                                 95
         25.14. strlwr                                                 95
         25.15. strncat                                                95
         25.16. strncmp                                                95
         25.17. strncpy                                                95
         25.18. strnicmp                                               96
         25.19. strnset                                                96
         25.20. strpbrk                                                96
         25.21. strrchr                                                96
         25.22. strrev                                                 96
         25.23. strset                                                 97
         25.24. strspn                                                 97
         25.25. strstr                                                 97
         25.26. strtok                                                 97
         25.27. strupr                                                 97
    26. TIMEB                                                          98
         26.1. ftime                                                   98
    27. TIME                                                           98
         27.1. asctime                                                 98
         27.2. clock                                                   98
         27.3. ctime                                                   99
         27.4. difftime                                                99
         27.5. gmtime                                                  99
         27.6. localtime                                               99
         27.7. stime                                                  100
         27.8. time                                                   100
         27.9. tzset                                                  100
    28. TYPES                                                         100
    29. VALUES                                                        100
         29.1. BITSPERBYTE                                            101
         29.2. _DEXPLEN...MINFLOAT                                    101
         29.3. HIBITS, HIBITI, HIBITL                                 101
         29.4. MAXSHORT, MAXINT, MAXLONG                              102

        㭪樨 TURBO-C ।  ᫥  䠩:

        ALLOC.H    - १ࢨ஢ 
        ASSERT.H   - ஢ઠ ﭨ
        BIOS.H     -  /뢮
        CONIO.H    - ᮫ /뢮
        CTYPE.H    - 樨  ᨬ
        DIR.H      - 樨  ⠫
        DOS.H      - ⥬ 樨
        ERRNO.H    -  訡
        FCNTL.H    - 䫠 㯠  䠩
        FLOAT.H    - ࠢ ﭨ ᮯ
        GRAPHICS.H - ᪨ 㭪樨
        IO.H       - /뢮  
        LIMITS.H   - । । 祭 ६
        MATH.H     - ⥬᪨ 㭪樨
        MEM.H      - 樨  
        PROCESS.H  - ࠡ  譨 ணࠬ
        SETJMP.H   - ⠭ 室
        SHARE.H    - ० ᮢ⭮ ࠡ
        SIGNAL.H   - ࠡ⪠ ᨣ
        STAT.H     - ࠡ⪠ ﭨ 䠩
        STDARG.H   - ࠡ⪠ ᯨ᪮ 㬥⮢
        STDDEF.H   - ⠭  ⨯ 
        STDIO.H    - ⠭ /뢮
        STDLIB.H   -  ᯮ㥬 㭪樨
        STRING.H   - 樨  ப
        TIME.H     - 樨  ६
        TIMEB.H    - 㭪 ftime
        TYPES.H    - ⨯ time_t
        VALUES.H   - ࠭ 祭 ᥫ

                                   1. ALLOC

                             । 㭪樨:

        brk                    farcoreleft             free
        calloc                 farfree                 malloc
        coreleft               farmalloc               realloc

                                      - 2 -
        farcalloc              farrealloc              sbrk

                                   1.1. brk

          ᥣ 
        int brk(void *endds);
        ⠭ 設 ᥣ  ணࠬ    
    㪠 endds.  ᯥ譮 襭 頥 祭 0,  -
    ⨢ 砥 頥 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ coreleft

                                 1.2. calloc

        ࢨ ᭮ 
        void *calloc(size_t nelem, size_t elsize);
        ⨯  STDLIB.H, ALLOC.H
        ࢨ   nelem ꥪ⮢ ࠧ஬ elsize   
     ࠭⢮ ﬨ.  頥 㪠⥫   १-
    ஢ .    ᫨  筮          
    elsize=0, 頥 NULL.
        . ⠪ malloc

                                1.3. coreleft

        頥 ꥬ ᯮ짮 
          tiny, small, medium:    unsigned coreleft(void);
          compact, large, huge:   unsigned long coreleft(void);
        . ⠪ malloc

                                1.4. farcalloc

        ࢨ    far
        void far *farcalloc(unsigned long nunits, unsigned long unitsz);
        頥 㪠⥫   १ࢨ஢ ,  NULL -
        筮 .
        . ⠪ farmalloc, farcoreleft, malloc, farfree, calloc


                                      - 3 -
                               1.5. farcoreleft

        頥 ꥬ ᯮ짮    far
        long farcoreleft(void);
        頥  稭 ᢮ ࠭⢠  訬
    १ࢨ஢   殬 .
        . ⠪ farmalloc, farcalloc, coreleft

                                 1.6. farfree

        ᢮    far
        void farfree(void far *block);
        . ⠪ farmalloc, farcalloc

                                1.7. farmalloc

        ࢨ    far
        void far farmalloc(unsigned long nbytes);
        頥 㪠⥫   १ࢨ஢ ,  NULL -
        筮 .
        . ⠪ farcoreleft, farfree, farcalloc, malloc, farrealloc

                               1.8. farrealloc

         ࠧ १ࢨ஢    far
        void far *farrealloc(void far *oldblock, unsigned long nbytes);
        頥   ,   NULL  砥 㤠. -
    頥   ⫨  ࢮ砫쭮.
        . ⠪ farmalloc, realloc

                                  1.9. free

        ᢮ , १ࢨ஢ 㭪ﬨ calloc  maloc
        void free(void *block);
        ⨯  STDLIB.H, ALLOC.H
        . ⠪ malloc, freemem, calloc


                                      - 4 -
                                 1.10. malloc

        ࢨ ᭮ 
        void *malloc(size_t size);
        ⨯  ALLOC.H, STDLIB.H
        頥 㪠⥫   १ࢨ஢ ,  NULL ᫨
    筮 . ᫨ size==0, 頥 NULL.
        . ⠪ allocmem, farmalloc, realloc, calloc, free

                                1.11. realloc

         ࠧ   ᭮ 
        void *realloc(void *block, size_t size);
        ⨯  ALLOC.H, STDLIB.H
        ⠥ ᦠ   ࠭ १ࢨ஢    ࠧ-
     size . 頥   ,   ⫨-
      ࢮ砫쭮.  ᫨         size==0,
    realloc 頥 NULL.
        . ⠪ malloc, free

                                  1.12. sbrk

          ᥣ 
        void *sbrk(int incr);
         incr   稭 brk.   ᯥ 頥 ०
    稭 brk.  㤠 頥 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ brk

                                  2. ASSERT

                          । 㭪 assert

                                 2.1. assert

        । ﭨ , , 
        void assert(int test);
        . ⠪ abort

                                      - 5 -

                                   3. BIOS

                             । 㭪樨:
                    bioscom                      biosmemory
                    biosdisk                     biosprint
                    biosequip                    biostime
                    bioskey

                                 3.1. bioscom

        /뢮 RS-232
        int bioscom(int cmd, char abyte, int port);
           祭  cmd  頥 16-ࠧ來 楫,   ஬
    訥 8   ⠬ ﭨ,   訥 8   
    ᨬ  祭 cmd.
        祭 cmd: 0 - ⠭ ࠬ   abyte
                      1 - 뢮 abyte
                      2 - ਭ ᨬ ( 訥 8  頥
                          祭
                      3 - 頥 ﭨ
        port=0  COM1, 1  COM2  ..

                                3.2. biosdisk

        ᪮ ࢨ BIOS
        int biosdisk(int cmd,  int drive, int head, int track, int sector,
                     int nsects, void *buffer);
         砥  ᯥ  頥 0,   ⨢ 砥 頥 
    訡.

                                3.3. biosequip

        ஢ 㤮
        int biosequip(void);
        頥 䫠 㤮 BIOS


                                      - 6 -
                                 3.4. bioskey

        䥩 
        int bioskey(int cmd);
        cmd                        ⢨
         0  頥        ࠥ .  ᫨ 
            ,  ᫥饩 .
         1  頥    ,    ࠥ. ᫨ -
             , 頥 0.
         2  頥 BIOS 䫠 ﭨ  孥 ॣ.

                               3.5. biosmemory

        頥 ꥬ 
        int biosmemory(void);
        頥 ꥬ    ⢠ 1K .

                                3.6. biosprint

        /뢮  ਭ ।⢥ १ BIOS
        int biosprint(int cmd, int abyte, int port);
        ᫨ cmd=0,   ⠥.  ᫨ cmd=1,  樠  
    ਭ. ᫨ cmd=2, 뢠 ⥪饥 ﭨ ਭ.
          祭 cmd 頥 ⥪饥 ﭨ ਭ.

                                3.7. biostime

        ணࠬ 㦨 ⠩ BIOS
        long biostime(int cmd, long newtime);
        ᫨ cmd=0,  뢠 BIOS ⠩.  ᫨ cmd=1,   ⠭
    BIOS ⠩. ६ 뤠  ⠪, 뢠  㭮 - 18.2
    ⠪/ᥪ

                                   4. CONIO

                             । 㭪樨:


                                      - 7 -
        cgets                 gettext                 puttext
        clreol                gettextinfo             textattr
        clrscr                gotoxy                  textbackground
        cprintf               highvideo               textcolor
        cputs                 insline                 textmode
        cscanf                kbhit                   ungetch
        delline               lowvideo                wherex
        getch                 movetext                wherey
        getche                normvideo               window
        getpass               putch

                                  4.1. cgets

        ⠥ ப  ᮫
        char *cgets(char *str);
        str[0]  ᮤঠ ᨬ  뢠 ப. 
     str[1] ⠭ ࠢ ⠭  ᨬ.
    ப 稭  str[2]. 㭪 頥 &srt[2].
        . ⠪ cputs, gets, fgets

                                 4.2. clreol

        頥  ப  ⥪⮢ 
        void clreol(void);
        . ⠪ clrscr, delline, window

                                 4.3. clrscr

        頥 ⥪⮢ 
        void clrscr(void);
        . ⠪ clreol, delline, window

                                 4.4. cprintf

        ଠ஢ 뢮  ⥪⮢   ࠭
        int cprintf(const char *format, ...);
        頥 ᫮ 뢥 

                                      - 8 -
        . ⠪ printf

                                  4.5. cputs

        뢮 ப  ⥪⮢   ࠭
        int cputs(const char *str);
        頥 ᫥ 뢥 ᨬ
        . ⠪ cgets, puts, fputs

                                 4.6. cscanf

        ଠ஢   ᮫
        int cscanf(char *format [, argument, ...]);
        頥 ᫮  ᯥ譮 ࠡ⠭ 室 .  ᫨ -
     ᨬ ' 䠩', 㭪 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ scanf

                                 4.7. delline

        ࠥ ப  ⥪⮢ 
        void delline(void);
        . ⠪ clreol, clrscr, window

                              4.8. getch, getche

        getch : ਭ ᨬ  ᮫  -
        getche: ਭ ᨬ  ᮫  -
        int getch(void);
        int getche(void);
         㭪樨  ⠭ ᨬ.  㯥 -
    ,  ਧ樨 ᥩ ப
        . ⠪ getpass, cgets, cscanf, kbhit, ungetch, putch, getchar,
    getc

                                 4.9. getpass

        뢠 ஫

                                      - 9 -
        char *getpass(const char *prompt);
        頥 㪠⥫   ப,  ९뢠
      맮.
        . ⠪ getch

                                 4.10. gettext

         ⥪  ࠭   ( ⥪⮢ ०)
        int gettext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
                    void *destin);
        न  ⭮⥫쭮 孥  㣫 ࠭,  -
      न (1,1).  ᯥ 頥 㫥 祭.
        . ⠪ puttext, movetext

                              4.11. gettextinfo

        ਭ  ଠ  ⥪⮢ ०
        void gettextinfo(struct text_info *r);
           inforec
        . ⠪ textattr,  textbackground,  textcolor, textmode, wherex,
    wherey, window

                                 4.12. gotoxy

        ⠭   ⥪⮢ 
        void gotoxy(int x, int y);
        . ⠪ wherex, wherey, window

                               4.13. highvideo

        롨ࠥ ⥪⮢ ᨬ ᮪ ⥭ᨢ
        void highvideo(void);
          ᫥騥 맮 㭪権 ⥪⮢ ,  ⠪
     putch  cprintf
        . ⠪ lowvideo,  normvideo,  textcolor, cprintf, cputs, putch,
    gettextinfo


                                      - 10 -
                                4.14. insline

        ⠢  ப  ⥪⮢   樨 
        void insline(void);
        ப   樨   ᤢ ,   ᫥ ப
    
        . ⠪ clreol, delline, window

                                 4.15. kbhit

        ஢ ᫥ ⨥ 
        int kbhit(void);
        ᫨ 뫠  , kbhit 頥 㫥 楫.
        . ⠪ get

                                4.16. lowvideo

        롨ࠥ ᨬ  ⥭ᨢ  ⥪⮢ 
        void lowvideo(void);
          ᫥騥 맮    㭪権,   ⠪  
    putch  cprintf
        . ⠪ highvideo, normvideo

                                4.17. movetext

         ⥪  ࠭   אַ㣮쭨  㣮
        int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
                     int destleft, int desttop);
        न 뢠    孥 㣫 ࠭,  
     न (1,1).  砥 ᯥ 頥 㫥 祭.
        . ⠪ gettext, puttext

                                4.18. normvideo

        롨ࠥ ଠ ⥭ᨢ ᨬ
        void normvideo(void);
           ᫥騥  맮    㭪権,  ⠪ 

                                      - 11 -
    putch  cprintf
        . ⠪ highvideo, lowvideo

                                 4.19. putch

        뢮 ᨬ  ⥪⮢   ࠭
        int putch(int ch);
        ᯮ ⥪騥 ਡ 梥  ᯫ. 頥 ch.
        . ⠪ cprintf, cputs, getch, putc, putchar

                                4.20. puttext

         ⥪    ࠭
        int puttext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
                    void *source);
        न 뢠   孥 㣫 ࠭ (1,1). 
    ᯥ 頥 㫥 祭.
        . ⠪ gettext, movetext, window

                                4.21. textattr

        ⠭ ਡ ⥪  ⥪⮢ 
        void textattr(int newattr);
        . ⠪ textcolor, textbackground

                             4.22. textbackground

        롨ࠥ  梥 䮭
        void textbackground(int newcolor);
        . ⠪ textcolor, textattr

                               4.23. textcolor

        롨ࠥ  梥 ᨬ  ⥪⮢ ०
        void textcolor(int newcolor);
        . ⠪ textbackground, textattr, highvideo, lowvideo, normvideo


                                      - 12 -
                                4.24. textmode

         ० ࠭ ( ⥪⮢ ०)
        void textmode(int newmode);
         ᯮ    ६  室  ᪮ ० 
    ⥪⮢
        . ⠪ initgraph, gettextinfo

                                4.25. ungetch

        뫠 ᨬ   
        int ungetch(int ch);
        ᫥騩 맮  getch  㣮 ᮫쭮 㭪樨  㤥
     ch.   ᯥ 頥 ᨬ ch.  砥 訡 -
    頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ getch

                             4.26. wherex, wherey

        wherex:  ਧ⠫    ⥪饬 
        wherey:  ⨪    ⥪饬 .
        int wherex(void);
        int wherey(void);
        wherex: 頥 楫 ᫮   1 - 80
        wherey: 頥 楫 ᫮   1 - 25
        . ⠪ gettextinfo, gotoxy

                                 4.27. window

        । ⨢   ⥪⮢ ०
        void window(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
         孨 㣮 ࠭  न (1,1)
        . ⠪ gettextinfo, textmode

                                   5. CTYPE

                             । :

                                      - 13 -

        isascii                isgraph             isupper
        isalnum                islower             isxdigit
        isalpha                isprint             toascii
        iscntrl                ispunct             _tolower
        isdigit                isspace             _toupper

                          㭪樨: tolower, toupper

                                 5.1. 

        isascii(c)   ⨭, ᫨  ᨬ ASCII
        isalnum(c)   ⨭, ᫨  㪢  
        isalpha(c)   ⨭, ᫨  㪢
        iscntrl(c)   ⨭, ᫨ c   ࠢ騩 ᨬ
        isdigit(c)   ⨭, ᫨ c 
        isgraph(c)      isprint, ⮫쪮  砥 ஡
        islower(c)   ⨭, ᫨ c ய᭠ 㪢
        isprint(c)   ⨭, ᫨ c  ᨬ
        ispunct(c)   ⨭, ᫨ c  㭪樨
        isspace(c)   ⨭,  ᫨ c  ஡, ⠡樨,  -
                     ⪨,  ॢ ப,  ⨪쭮 ⠡樨  
                      
        isupper(c)   ⨭, ᫨ c  㪢
        isxdigit(c)  ⨭, ᫨ c ⭠筠 
        toascii(c)   ८ࠧ  > 127    0-127, ⥬  ⪨
                      ࠧ冷 ஬ ᥬ 
        _tolower(c)  ८ࠧ    [A-Z]  ᨬ [a-z]
        _toupper(c)  ८ࠧ    [a-z]  ᨬ [A-Z]

                                 5.2. tolower

        ॢ ᨬ   ॣ
        int tolower(int ch);
        頥 ८ࠧ  祭 ch,  ᫨  ᨬ 孥
    ॣ,  㣨 ᨬ 頥  .


                                      - 14 -
                                 5.2. toupper

        ॢ ᨬ  孨 ॣ
        int toupper(int ch);
        頥 ८ࠧ 祭 ch,  ᫨   ᨬ  
    ॣ,  㣨 ᨬ 頥  .

                                    6. DIR

                             । 㭪樨:

        chdir                 getcurdir             mktemp
        findfirst             getcwd                rmdir
        findnext              getdisk               searchpath
        fnmerge               mkdir                 setdisk
        fnsplit

                                  6.1. chdir

         ⥪騩 ⠫
        int chdir(const char *path);
         砥 ᯥ 頥 祭 0.   ⨢ 砥 -
    頥 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ mkdir, rmdir

                           6.2. findfirst, findnext

        findfirst:  ⠫ ᪠
        findnext : த  findfirst
        int findfirst(char *pathname, struct ffblk *ffblk, int attrib);
        int findnext(struct ffblk *ffblk);
         䠩  ᮤঠ ?   *.   ᯥ 頥  0.   
    訡  ᮮ⢥⢨ 頥 -1  ⠭ errno.

                                 6.3. fnmerge

        ந   ⠢ ⥩

                                      - 15 -
        void fnmerge(char *path, char *drive, char *dir, char *name,
                     char *ext);
        . ⠪ fnsplit

                                 6.4. fnsplit

            ⠢ 
        int fnsplit(char *path, char *drive, char *dir, char *name,
                    char *ext);
        頥 楫,  饥   䫠.     頥
    ᫠  祭:
        WILDCARDS      ᮤন ? / *
        EXTENSION      ᮤন ७
        FILENAME       ᮤন  䠩
        DIRECTORY      ᮤন ⠫
        DRIVE          ᮤন ਢ

                                6.5. getcurdir

         ⥪騩 ⠫ 㪠 ਢ
        int getcurdir(int drive, char *directory);
        drive=0  ⥪饣 ਢ,  1  A,  2  B  ..  ᯥ
    頥 0,  訡 -1.
        . ⠪ getcwd, getdisk, mkdir, chdir, rmdir

                                 6.6. getcwd

         ⥪騩 ࠡ稩 ⠫
        char *getcwd(char *buf, int buflen);
        頥 㪠⥫  buf;  訡 頥 NULL  ⠭-
     errno.
        . ⠪ getcurdir, getdisk, mkdir, chdir, rmdir

                                 6.7. getdisk

         ⥪騩 ਢ
        int getdisk(viod);

                                      - 16 -
        頥 ⥪騩 ਢ. ਢ A ᮮ⢥ 0.
        . ⠪ getcurdir, setdisk, getcwd

                                  6.8. mkdir

         ⠫
        int mkdir(const char *path);
         ᯥ 頥 0,  訡 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ chdir, rmdir

                                 6.9. mktemp

         㭨쭮  䠩
        char *mktemp(char *template);
         蠡  㭨  䠩  頥  蠡-
    .    ப,   稢饩  -ᨬ    
     ᫥⥫묨 X. ਬ: "MYFILEXXXXXX".

                                 6.10. rmdir

        ࠭ ⠫
        int rmdir(const char *path);
         ᯥ 頥 0,  訡 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ mkdir, chdir

                               6.11. searchpath

         㪠 䠩  ⥪饩 ஦
        char *searchpath(const char *file);
         ᯥ 頥 㪠⥫  ப    䠩  
    ⨢ 砥 NULL.  ப ਭ  static  ९-
    뢠   饭.
        . ⠪ exec, open, system, findfirst

                                6.12. setdisk

        ⠭ ⥪騩 ᪮

                                      - 17 -
        int setdisk(int drive);
        祭  ਢ 0=A, 1=B,  ..
        頥 饥 ⢮ 㯭 ᪮.

                                    7. DOS

                             । 㭪樨:

        absread           getcwd            inportb         randbrd
        abswrite          getdate           int86           randbwr
        allocmem          getdfree          int86x          segread
        bdos              getdta            intdos          setblock
        bdosptr           getfat            intdosx         setcbrk
        country           getfatd           intr            setdate
        ctrlbrk           getftime          keep            setdta
        delay             getpsp            nosound         settime
        disable           gettime           outport         setvect
        dosexterr         getvect           outportb        setverify
        dostounix         getverify         parsfnm         sleep
        enable            harderr           peek            sound
        freemem           hardresume        peekb           unixtodos
        geninterrupt      hardretn          poke            unlink
        getcbrk           inport            pokeb           _emit_

                  :  FP_OFF, FP_SEG, MK_FP, inp, outb

                            7.1. absread, abswrite

        absread:  뢠 ᮫ ᥪ ᪠
        abswrite:   ᮫ ᥪ ᪠
        int  absread(int drive, int nsects, int lsect, void *buffer);
        int abswrite(int drive, int nsects, int lsect, void *buffer);
        祭 drive:  0=A,  1=B  ..  nsects-᫮ ᥪ஢  뢠-
    /, lsect-⮢ ᪨ ᥪ (0 - ), buffer--
      .   ᯥ 頥 0,  訡 -1  ⠭-
     errno.


                                      - 18 -
                                7.2. allocmem

        ࢨ ᥣ  DOS
        int allocmem(unsigned size, unsigned *segp);
        size - ᫮ ॡ㥬 16-⮢ ࠣ䮢.   ᥣ -
    १ࢨ஢  頥  *segp.  (饭=0).   ᯥ
    頥 -1.  ⨢ 砥 頥 ࠧ ᨬ쭮 -
    㯭   ⠭ _doserrno  errno.

                                  7.3. bdos

        맮 MS-DOS
        int bdos(int dosfun, unsigned dosdx, unsigned dosal);
        頥 祭 AX, ⠭ ⥬ 맮
        . ⠪ bdosptr, int86, int86x

                                 7.4. bdosptr

        맮 MS-DOS
        int bdosptr(int dosfun, void *argument, unsigned dosal);
         ᯥ 頥 AX,  㤠 -1  ⠭ _doserrno
     errno.
        . ⠪ bdos, int86, int86x

                                 7.5. country

        頥 ଠ,   ࠭
        struct country *country(int xcode, struct country *cp);
        頥 㪠⥫  㬥 cp. MS_DOS 3.0  .

                                 7.6. ctrlbrk

        ⠭ ࠡ稪  -C
        void ctrlbrk(int (*handler)(void));
        㭪-ࠡ稪     0  ஢ ⥪饩
    ணࠬ;  ⨢ 砥 ணࠬ த 믮.


                                      - 19 -
                                  7.7. delay

        ਮ⠭ 믮  㪠 ᫮ 
        void delay(unsigned milliseconds);
        . ⠪ sleep

                                 7.8. disable

        頥 뢠
        void disable(void);
        頥   뢠 ஬ NMI
        . ⠪ enable

                                7.9. dosexterr

         ७ ଠ  訡
        int dosexterr(struct DOSERROR *eblkp);
          eblkp  ᭮ ᫥ 맮 DOS. -
    頥 祭   exterror.

                               7.10. dostounix

        ८ࠧ   ६  ६ UNIX
        long dostounix(struct date *d, struct time *t);
        頥   ६  ଠ UNIX (᫮ ᥪ㭤  00:00:00 1
    ﭢ 1970 ( ਭ)).

                                 7.11. enable

        蠥  뢠
        void enable(void);
        . ⠪ disable

                                7.12. freemem

        ᢮, ࠭   allocmem,   DOS
        int freemem(unsigned segx);

                                      - 20 -
         ᯥ 頥 0,  訡 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ allocmem, free

                              7.13. geninterrupt

         ணࠬ 뢠
        void geninterrupt(int intr_num);
        ﭨ  ॣ஢ ᫥ 맮   맢 -
    . , 뢠  ⠢ ॣ, ᯮ㥬  
    ।᪠㥬 ﭨ.
        . ⠪ int86,  int86x,  intdos,  intdosx,  bdos, bdosptr, intr,
    enable, disable

                                7.14. getcbrk

        ஢ ⠭ -C
        int getcbrk(void);
        頥 0 ᫨ ஢ઠ -C 몫祭,  1 ᫨ 祭.
        . ⠪ setcbrk, ctrlbrk

                                 7.15. getcwd
        . DIR 6.6.

                                7.16. getdate

          MS-DOS
        void getdate(struct date *datep);
        . ⠪ setdate, gettime, ctime

                                7.17. getdfree

         ᢮   ᪥
        void getdfree(unsigned char drive, struct dfree *dtable);
         砥 訡, df_sclus   dtable ⠭  -1.
        . ⠪ getfat

                                 7.18. getdta

                                      - 21 -

          ८ࠧ ᪠
        char far *getdta(void);
        頥 㪠⥫  ⥪騩  ८ࠧ ᪠.
        . ⠪ struct fsb, setdta

                                 7.19. getfat

         ଠ  ⠡ ᯮ 䠩  㪠 ਢ-
    
        void getfat(unsigned char drive, struct fatinfo *dtable);
        . ⠪ getdfree, getfatd

                                7.20. getfatd

         ଠ  ⠡ ᯮ 䠩
        void getfatd(struct fatinfo *etable);
        . ⠪ getfat, getdfree

                                7.21. getftime

         ६    䠩
        int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
        ⨯  DOS.H, IO.H
         ᯥ 頥 0,  㤠 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ setftime, open

                                 7.22. getpsp

         䨪 ᥣ ணࠬ
        unsigned getpsp(void);
         MS-DOS ᨨ 3.0  
        . ⠪ _psp, getenv

                                7.23. gettime

         ⥬ ६

                                      - 22 -
        void gettime(struct time *timep);
        . ⠪ settime, getdate

                                7.24. getvect

          뢠
        void interrupt (*getvect(int intr_num))();
        頥 4-⮢  祭  ࠭饥   뢠 
     int_num.
        . ⠪ setvect, disable, enable

                               7.25. getverify

         ﭨ ஢ન
        int getverify(void);
        頥 0 ᫨ 䫠 ஢ન 襭,  1 ᫨ ⠭.
        . ⠪ setverify

                                7.26. harderr

        ⠭ ࠡ稪 ⭮ 訡
        void harderr(int (*handler)());
        㭪,   㪠뢠 handler, 㤥 맢, ᫨ MS-DOS
    㦨  訡 ( 0x24).
        . ⠪ hardresume, hardretn, longjump

                               7.27. hardresume

        㭪 ࠡ⪨ ⭮ 訡
        void hardresume(int axret);
        ࠡ稪 訡,  ⠭  harderr   ࠢ-
     ணࠬ  MS-DOS,   ந  訡 १ 
    㭪. 祭 axret 頥  MS-DOS (0-஢, 1--
      ࠧ, 2-).
        . ⠪ hardretn

                                7.28. hardretn

                                      - 23 -

        㭪 ࠡ⪨ ⭮ 訡
        void hardretn(int retn);
        ࠡ稪 訡, ⠭  harderr   -
     אַ  ਪ ணࠬ 맮 ⮩ 㭪樨.  祭  retn
    頥 ணࠬ 짮⥫  ଠ쭮 祭, -
    頥 㭪樥 MS-DOS,  ந  訡.
        . ⠪ hardresume

                                 7.29. inport

        ⠥ ᫮  ⭮ 
        int inport(int portid);
        . ⠪ inportb, outport

                                7.30. inportb

        ⠥   ⭮ 
        unsigned char inportb(int portid);
        . ⠪ inport, outportb

                                 7.31. int86

        饥 ணࠬ 뢠 8086
        int int86(int int_num, union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs);
        㦠  CPU-ॣ 祭,  ࠭  inregs, ந-
     뢠   int_num  ⥬ १騥 祭 CPU-ॣ஢
    ࠭  outregs.
        . ⠪ int86x, intdos, intr

                                 7.32. int86x

        䥩 饣 ணࠬ 뢠 8086
        int int86x(int intr_num, union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs
                   struct SREGS *segregs);
        㦠  CPU-ॣ 祭, ࠭  inregs  segregs,
    ந 뢠  int_num  ࠭ १騥 祭 CPU

                                      - 24 -
    ॣ஢  outregs  segregs.
        . ⠪ int86, intdosx, intr

                                 7.33. intdos

        䥩 饣 뢠 MS-DOS
        int intdos(union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs);
        㦠  CPU ॣ 祭,  ࠭  inregs, ந-
     뢠 MS-DOS (int 33)  ⥬ ࠭ १騥 -
     CPU ॣ஢  outregs.
        . ⠪ intdosx, int86, intr

                                7.34. intdosx

        䥩 饣 뢠 MS-DOS
        int intdosx(union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs,
                    struct SREGS *segregs);
        㦠  CPU-ॣ 祭, ࠭  inregs  segregs,
    ந 뢠 MS-DOS (int 0x21)  ⥬ ࠭ १-
    騥 祭 CPU-ॣ஢  outregs  segregs.
        . ⠪ intdos, int86x, intr

                                  7.35. intr

        ୠ⨢ 䥩 ணࠬ 뢠 8086
        void intr(int int_type, struct REGPACK *preg);
        㦠 CPU-ॣ 祭ﬨ, ࠭묨  preg, ந
    뢠 int_type   ⥬ ࠭ १騥 祭 CPU--
    ஢  preg.
        . ⠪ int86 intdos

                                  7.36. keep

        室  ⠥ १⭮
        void keep(unsigned char status, unsigned size);
        㭪 祣    頥.    室  DOS  饭
    祭 status.  ணࠬ ⠥   १⭮. ।

                                      - 25 -
    室 ணࠬ  ࠧ  size ࠣ䮢  頥  DOS
    ⮪ ணࠬ .
        . ⠪ abort, exit, exec, spawn system

                                7.37. nosound

        몫砥 
        void nosound(void);
        . ⠪ sound, delay

                                7.38. outport

        뢮 ᫮   
        void outport(int portid, int value);
        . ⠪ inport, outportb

                                7.39. outportb

        뢮    
        void outportb(int portid, unsigned char value);
        . ⠪ inportb, outport

                                7.40. parsfnm

        ࠥ  䠩  ந  ࠢ 䠩 (fcb)
        char *parsfnm(const char *cmdline, struct fcb *fcb, int option);
        ᤥ ᯥ譮 ࠧ 頥 㪠⥫  , ᫥騩 
    殬  䠩. ᫨ ந諠 訡, 頥 0.

                                  7.41. peek

        頥 ᫮  , 㪠   ᥣ:ᬥ饭
        int peek(unsigned segment, unsigned offset);
        . ⠪ peekb, poke

                                 7.42. peekb


                                      - 26 -
        頥   , 㪠   ᥣ:ᬥ饭
        char peekb(unsigned segment, unsigned offset);
        . ⠪ peek, pokeb

                                  7.43. poke

        ࠭ 楫 祭      ᥣ:ᬥ饭
        void poke(unsigned segment, unsigned offset,int value);
        . ⠪ peek, pokeb

                                 7.44. pokeb

        ࠭       ᥣ:ᬥ饭
        void pokeb(unsigned segment, unsigned offset,char value);
        . ⠪ poke, peekb

                                 7.45. randbrd

        ந쭮 ⥭   ᯮ짮  ࠢ 
    (FCB)
        int randbrd(struct fcb *fcb, int rcnt);
         ᨬ  १ 樨 頥 ᫥騥 祭

        0   ⠭
        1 -䠩; ⥭ ᫥  襭
        2 ⠥     
        3 -䠩; ⥭ ᫥  襭

                                7.46. randbwr

        ந쭠     ᯮ짮  ࠢ  -
     (FCB)
        int randbwr(struct fcb *fcb, int rcnt);
         ᨬ  १ 樨 頥 ᫥騥 祭

        0   ᠭ
        1 筮   ᪥

                                      - 27 -
        2     

                                7.47. segread

        ⠥ ॣ ᥣ⮢ 
        void segread(struct SREGS *segp);
        . ⠪ FP_OFF, intdosx, int86x

                                7.48. setblock

         ࠧ ࠭ १ࢨ஢ 
        int setblock(unsigned segx, unsigned newsize);
        ᯮ   ,  १ࢨ஢묨 allocmem.   ᯥ
    頥 -1.   訡 頥 ࠧ ᨬ쭮  
    ,  ⠭ _doserrno

                                7.49. setcbrk

        砥 ஢ -
        int setcbrk(int cbrkvalue);
        ᫨ cbrkvalue==1,   ஢  -   ⥬ 맮.
    ᫨ cbrkvalue==0,  ஢ ⮫쪮 ᮫,  ਭ    -
    /뢮
        頥 祭 cbrkvalue

                                7.50. setdate

        ⠭  MS-DOS
        void setdate(struct date *datep);
        . ⠪ settime, getdate

                                 7.51. setdta

        ⠭  ८ࠧ ᪠
        void setdta(char far *dta);
        . ⠪o struct fcb, getdta


                                      - 28 -
                                7.52. settime

        ⠭ ⥬ ६
        void settime(struct time *timep);
        . ⠪ getdate, gettime

                                7.53. setvect

        ⠭ 宦  뢠
        void setvect(int interruptno, void interrupt (*isr) ( ));
        isr 㪠뢠  㭪,  㤥 맢   -
    뢠  ஬ interruptno.  ᫨ isr 㭪 ,     
    ।  㭪 ⨯ interrupt.
        . ⠪ getvect

                               7.54. setverify

        ⠭ ० ஢ન
        void setverify(int value);
        ᫨ value=1,       㤥 ᮯ஢
    ⥭   ஢ન ࠢ쭮 १.  (0 砥 ⢨
    뢠)
        . ⠪ getverify

                                 7.55. sleep

        뢠 ᯮ ணࠬ  㪠 ६
        void sleep(unsigned seconds);
        . ⠪ delay

                                 7.56. sound

        砥   㪠 
        void sound(unsigned frequency);
        frequency 㪠뢠  
        . ⠪ nosound, delay


                                      - 29 -
                               7.57. unixtodos

        ८ࠧ   ६  ଠ UNIX  ଠ 
        void unixtodos(long time, struct date *d, struct time *t);
        . ⠪ dostounix

                                 7.58. unlink

        ࠥ 䠩
        int unlink(const char *filename);
        ⨯  DOS.H, IO.H, STDIO.H
        ᫨ 㪠 䠩  ਧ read-only,  unlink  .
      ਡ⮢ 䠩 맮 ᭠砫 chmod.
         ᯥ 頥 0,  訡 -1

                                7.59. __emit__

         ᨬ 祭 ।⢥  
        void __emit__(argument, ...);

                         7.60. FP_OFF, FP_SEG, MK_FP

        FP_OFF  ᬥ饭   far
        FP_SEG  ᥣ    far
        MK_FP  ᮧ 㪠⥫   far
        unsigned FP_OFF(farpointer);
        unsigned FP_SEG(farpointer);
        void far *MK_FP(seg, off);

                                  7.61. inp

        ⠥   ⭮ 
        int inp(int portid);
        . ⠪ inport, inportb

                                  7.62. outb


                                      - 30 -
        뢮    
        int outp(int portid,int byte_value);
        . ⠪ outport, outportb

                                   8. ERRNO

        । ⠭, ⨯    ६
        _doserrno, errno, । ஢ 訡

                              8.1. int _doserrno

        ᫨ 맮 ⥬ MS-DOS 뢠 訡,  _doserrno ⠭-
      ᮮ⢥⢨   訡 MS-DOS.
        ।  ERRNO.H, STDLIB.H, DOS.H
        . ⠪ sys_errlist, errno

                                8.2. int errno

          訡  맮 ⥬, errno ਭ 祭,
    ।饥 ⨯ 訡
        ।  ERRNO.H, STDLIB.H, STDDEF.H
        . ⠪ perror, sys_errlist, _doserrno
         ਢ ᯨ᮪ 祭   ஢ 訡, ᢠ-
     errno.    ᫥ 祭  ᯮ짮 
    ⢥   ᨢ sys_errlist  뢮 ᮮ饭  ࠭.
        EZERO      訡 0
        EINVFNC    ࠢ  㭪樨
        ENOFILE      
        ENOPATH    ஦  
        ECONTR     襭  
        EINVMEM    ࠢ   
        EINVENV    ࠢ쭮 㦥
        EINVFMT    ࠢ ଠ
        EINVACC    ࠢ  㯠
        EINVDAT    ࠢ 
        EINVDRV    ࠢ쭮 㪠 ᪮
        ECURDIR    ⪠ ࠭ ⥪騩 ⠫

                                      - 31 -
        ENOTSAM      ன⢮
        ENMFILE      䠩
        ENOENT      ⠪ 䠩  ⠫
        EMFILE      ᫨誮  䠩
        EACCES     ⪠  㯥
        EBADF      ࠢ  䠩
        ENOMEM     筮 
        ENODEV      ⠪ ன⢠
        EINVAL     ࠢ 㬥
        E2BIG      誮  ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢
        ENOEXEC    訡 ଠ exec
        EXDEV      ਡୠ 
        EDOM       ⥬᪨ 㬥
        ERANGE      ᫨誮 
        EFAULT     ⭠ 訡

                                   9. FCNTL

        । "䫠 "  㭪樨 open   :
        O_RDONLY     ⮫쪮 ⥭
        O_WRONLY     ⮫쪮 
        O_RDWR       ⥭/
        O_CREAT      ᮧ   䠩
        O_TRUNC        祭
        O_EXCL       頥  訡,  ᫨ 䠩 㦥 , -
                        O_CREAT
        O_APPEND        䠩
        O_TEXT       - ࠭
        O_BINARY      ࠭樨
         㭪樨 _open,   祭  㯠    MS-DOS  2.x  ࠭祭
    O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY   O_RDWR.   MS-DOS 3.x   ᯮ짮
    ᫥騥 ⥫ 祭:
        O_NOINHERIT    ணࠬ ࠡ뢠 ᫥㥬 䠩
        O_DENYALL     訡, ᫨   ⥭/
        O_DENYWRITE   訡, ᫨   
        O_DENYREAD    訡, ᫨   ⥭
        O_DENYNONE    蠥 ६ 

                                      - 32 -
          open  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   ⨯ O_DENYxxx

                                  10. FLOAT

                             । 㭪樨:

              _clear87    _control87     _fpreset    _status87

                                10.1. _clear87

        頥 ﭨ 饩 窨
        unsigned int _clear87 (void);
         頥 祭 ᮮ⢥ ஬ ﭨ -
    饩 窨.  ଠ  ᫮ ﭨ       ⠭,
    ।  FLOAT.H.
        . ⠪ _fpreset, _status87

                               10.2. _control87

         ࠢ饥 ᫮ 饩 窨
        unsigned int _control87(unsigned int new, unsigned int mask);
        ᫨   mask ⠭  1, ᮮ⢥騩   new ᮤন
     祭  ⠪    ࠢ饬 ᫮. ᫨   mask
    ⠭  0, ஫쭮 ᫮  .
        . ⠪ _fpreset, _clear87, _status87, CW_DEFAULT

                                10.3. _fpreset

        ୮ 樠 㯠 ⥬⨪  饨 窮
        void _fpreset(void);
         㭪 ᯮ  ᮢ㯭  㭪ﬨ exec,  spawn 
    system, .. ୨    ﭨ 饩 窨
    த⥫.

                               10.4. _status87

         ﭨ 饩 窨

                                      - 33 -
        unsigned int _status87(void);
         頥 祭 ᮮ⢥ ﭨ 饩 窨
        . ⠪ _clear87, _control87, _fpreset

                                 11. GRAPHICS

                             । 㭪樨:

    bar                getimage         imagesize          setallpalette
    bar3d              getlinesettings  initgraph          setaspectratio
    circle             getmaxcolor      installuserdriver  setbkcolor
    cleardevice        getmaxmode       installuserfont    setcolor
    clearviewport      getmaxx          line               setfillpattern
    closegraph         getmaxy          linerel            setfillstyle
    detectgraph        getmodename      lineto             setgraphbufsize
    drawpoly           getmoderange     moverel            setgraphmode
    ellipse            getpalette       moveto             setlinestyle
    fillellipse        getpalettesize   outtext            setpalette
    fillpoly           getpixel         outtextxy          setrgbcolor
    floodfill          gettextsettinds  pieslice           setrgbpalette
    getarccoords       getviewsettings  putimage           settextjustify
    getaspectratio     getx             putpixel           settextstyle
    getbkcolor         gety             rectangle          setusercharsize
    getcolor           graphdefaults    registerbgidriver  setviewport
    getdefaultpalette  grapherrormsg    registerbgifont    setvisualpage
    getdrivername      _graphfreemem    restorecrtmode     setwritemode
    getfillpattern     _graphgetmem     sector             textheight
    getfillsettings    graphresult      setactivepage      textwidth
    getgraphmode       arc

                                  11.1. arc

         
        void far arc(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);
        (x,y)-न 業. stangle  endangle - 砫  
    㣫  ࠤ. radius - ࠤ.
        . ⠪ circle, getaspectratio, ellipse, pieslice, getarccoords,

                                      - 34 -
    graphresult

                                  11.2. bar

         
        void far bar(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
        . ⠪ bar3d, setfillstyle, setlinestyle, rectangle

                                 11.3. bar3d

         嬥 
        void far  bar3d(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
                        int depth, int topflag);
        . ⠪ bar

                                 11.4. circle

           ࠤ  業஬ (x,y)
        void far circle(int x, int y, int radius);
        . ⠪ arc

                              11.5. cleardevice

        頥 ᪨ ࠭
        void far cleardevice(void);
        . ⠪ clearviewport

                             11.6. clearviewport

        頥 ⥪饥 ࠡ祥 
        void far clearviewport(void);
        . ⠪ setviewport, cleardevice


                               11.7. closegraph

        ⪫砥  ⥬

                                      - 35 -
        void far closegraph(void);
        . ⠪ initgraph

                              11.8. detectgraph

        । ᪨ ࠩ  ० ࠡ ⥬    -
    ⭮ 
        void far detectgraph(int far *graphdriver, int far *graphmode);
        . ⠪ initgraph, graphresult

                                11.9. drawpoly

         㣮쭨
        void far drawpoly(int numpoints, int far polypoints[]);
        polypoints ᮤন numpoints  祭.    -
     x  y   窨 㣮쭨.
        . ⠪ fillpoly

                                11.10. ellipse

          
        void far ellipse(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle,
                         int xradius, int yradius);
        (x,y)-न 業. stangle  endangle - 砫  
    㣫 (  ࠤ).  xradius  yradius - ਧ⠫  ⨪
    ࠤ.
        . ⠪ arc, fillellipse, circle

                              11.11. fillellipse

          訢  
        void far fillellipse(int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius);
         (x,y)    ⢥ 業  訢  ⥪饩 -
    客. xradius  yradius - ਧ⠫  ⨪ ࠤ.
        . ⠪ arc, circle, ellipse, pieslice

                               11.12. fillpoly

                                      - 36 -

          訢 㣮쭨
        void far fillpoly(int numpoints, int far polypoints[]);
        polypoints ᮤন numpoints  祭.    -
     x  y   窨 㣮쭨.
        . ⠪ drawpoly, graphresult, fill_patterns, setfillstyle,
    floodfill

                               11.13. floodfill

        訢 ࠭祭 
        void far floodfill(int x, int y, int border);
        . ⠪ drawpoly, fillpoly, setfillstyle, fill_patterns,
    graphresult

                             11.14. getarccoords

         न ᫥ 饭  arc
        void far getarccoords(struct arccoordstype far *arccoords);
        . ⠪ arc

                            11.15. getaspectratio

         ⭮襭 ஭ ⥪饣 ᪮ ०
        void far getaspectratio(int far *xasp, int far *yasp);
        arc    㭪樨 ᯮ ⭮襭  ஭    ⮣,
    ⮡ 㣨  砫  㣫묨,     묨.  yasp  
    10000. ᯮ xasp=10000,  ⮡ 窨 뫨 묨 (VGA)   
    <10000  ᮪ 祪.
        . ⠪ arc, setaspectratio

                              11.16. getbkcolor

        頥 ⥪騩 梥 䮭
        int far getbkcolor(void);
        . ⠪ setbkcolor, getcolor, getpalette


                                      - 37 -
                               11.17. getcolor

        頥 ⥪騩 梥 ࠦ
        int far getcolor(void);
        . ⠪ getbkcolor, setcolor, getmaxcolor, getpalette

                           11.18. getdefaultpalette

        頥  । 
        struct palettetype *far getdefaultpalette(void);
        頥 㪠⥫     㬮砭  ⥪-
     ࠩ,   樠஢ 맮 㭪樥 initgraph.
        . ⠪ getpalette, initgraph

                             11.19. getdrivername

        頥 㪠⥫   ⥪饣 ᪮ ࠩ
        char *far getdrivername(void);
        頥 㪠⥫ 㪠뢠  ப,  ।  ⥪騩
    ࠩ , ⥬ ᠬ, । ⨯ .
        . ⠪ initgraph

                            11.20. getfillpattern

           客, । 짮⥫
        void far getfillpattern(char far *pattern);
        . ⠪ getfillsettings, setfillpattern, fill_patterns

                            11.21. getfillsettings

         ଠ  ⥪饩 客  梥
        void far  getfillsettings( struct fillsettingstype far *fillinfo);
        . ⠪ floodfill, fillpoly, setfillstyle, pieslice, bar, bar3d,
                  setfillpattern, getfillpattern

                             11.22. getgraphmode


                                      - 38 -
        頥 ⥪騩 ᪨ ०
        int far getgraphmode(void);
        砫   맢 initgraph  setgraphmode
        . ⠪ getmoderange, restorecrtmode

                               11.23. getimage

        ࠭    ࠧ  㪠 
        void far getimage(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
                          void far *bitmap);
        . ⠪ imagesize, putimage

                            11.24. getlinesettings

         ⥪騥 ⨫, 㧮  ⮫騭 
        void far getlinesettings (struct linesettingstype far  *lineinfo);
        . ⠪ setlinestyle

                              11.25. getmaxcolor

        頥 ᨬ쭮 祭 梥
        int far getmaxcolor(void);
        . ⠪ getbkcolor, setcolor, getpalette, getcolor

                              11.26. getmaxmode

        頥 ᨬ    ᪮  ०   ⥪饣
    ࠩ
        int far getmaxmode(void);
        getmaxmode  ।  ᨬ쭮  ⢮  ०
     㦥 ᪮ ࠩ.  㭪 ࠡ⠥  
    ࠩ஢  Borland  㣨.
        . ⠪ getmoderange

                           11.27. getmaxx, getmaxy

        getmaxx: 頥 ᨬ न ࠭ x

                                      - 39 -
        getmaxy: 頥 ᨬ न ࠭ y
        int far getmaxx(void);
        int far getmaxy(void);
        . ⠪ getx

                              11.28. getmodename

        頥 㪠⥫   ᪮ ०
        char * far getmodename(int mode_number);
        頥 㪠⥫     ப      ०,   㪠
    mode_number
        . ⠪ getmaxmode, getmoderange

                             11.29. getmoderange

          ०   ᪮ ࠩ
        void far getmoderange(int graphdriver, int far *lomode,
                              int far *himode);
        . ⠪ initgraph, getmaxmode, setgraphmode, getgraphmode

                              11.30. getpalette

         ଠ  ⥪饩 
        void far getpalette(struct palettetype far *palette);
        . ⠪  setpalette, getcolor, setallpalette, getbkcolor,
                   getdefaultpalette

                            11.31. getpalettesize

        頥 ࠧ ⠡ 
        int far getpalettesize(void);
        頥 ⨬ ᫮   ⥪饣 ० ᪮-
     ࠩ
        . ⠪ setpalette, setallpalette

                               11.32. getpixel


                                      - 40 -
         梥 㪠 窨
        unsigned far getpixel(int x, int y);
        . ⠪ putpixel, getimage

                            11.33. gettextsettings

         ଠ  ⥪饬 ᪮ 
    void far gettextsettings(struct textsettingstype far *texttypeinfo);
        . ⠪ outtext, settextjustify, outtextxy, settextstyle,
                  textheight, registerbgifont, textwidth

                            11.34. getviewsettings

         ଠ  ⥪饬 ࠡ祬 
        void far getviewsettings(struct viewporttype far *viewport);
        . ⠪ setviewport, clearviewport

                                 11.35. getx

        頥 ⥪   x न
        int far getx(void);
        祭   ࠡ祣 
        . ⠪ gety, moveto, getviewsettings

                                 11.36. gety

        頥 ⥪   y न
        int far getx(void);
        祭   ࠡ祣 
        . ⠪ getx, moveto, getviewsettings

                             11.37. graphdefaults

        뢠  ᪨ ⠭   祭  㬮砭
        void far graphdefaults(void);
        . ⠪ initgraph, setgraphmode


                                      - 41 -
                             11.38. grapherrormsg

        頥 㪠⥫  ப ᮮ饭  訡
        char *far grapherrormsg(int errorcode);
        頥 㪠⥫  ப, 易  祭, 頥-
     㭪樥 graphresult
        . ⠪ graphresult

                             11.39. _graphfreemem

        ⥫⢮ 짮⥫  ᢮ ᪮ 
        void far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size);
         㭪 뢠 ணࠬ  ᪮ ⥪,   
    ᢮ .   ࠢ ⨬ ᮬ ᯮ ᢮
    ᮡ⢥ 㭪樨 _graphgetmem  _graphfreemem
        . ⠪ _graphgetmem

                             11.40. _graphgetmem

        ⥫⢮ 짮⥫  १ࢨ஢ ᪮ 
        void far * far _graphgetmem(unsigned size);
         㭪  뢠 ணࠬ  ᪮ ⥪,  
    १ࢨ஢ .    ࠢ ⨬  ᮬ  ᯮ
    ᢮ ᮡ⢥ 㭪樨 _graphgetmem  _graphfreemem
         . ⠪ _graphfreemem

                              11.41. graphresult

        頥  訡  ᫥ 㤠筮 ᪮ 樨
        int far graphresult(void);
        頥  訡  뢠 ஢ 訡  grOK
        . ⠪ grapherrormsg

                               11.42. imagesize

        頥 ᫮ , 室  ࠭ 筮 ࠧ
        unsigned far imagesize(int left,  int top, int right, int bottom);

                                      - 42 -
        ᫨ ॡ㥬 ࠧ   ࠢ 64K-1 ,  頥
    0xFFFF
        . ⠪ getimage, putimage

                               11.43. initgraph

        樠 ᪮ ⥬
        void far initgraph(int far *graphdriver, int far *graphmode,
                           char far *pathtodriver);
        . ⠪     getgraphmode,      restorecrtmode,       closegraph,
    setgraphbufsize, detectgraph,       registerbgidriver,   _graphgetmem,
    graphresult, getdrivername, installuserdriver

                           11.44. installuserdriver

         ࠩ ன⢠
    int far installuserdriver(char far *name, int huge (*detect)(void));
        name -  䠩 ࠩ (*.BGI).  detect 㪠뢠    㭪,
     㤥 뢠 㭪樥 initgraph  砥 ⮮।.
        . ⠪ initgraph, registerbgidriver

                            11.45. installuserfont

        㦠 䠩  ⮬
        int far installuserfont(char far *name);
        name - DOS  䠩  ⮬ ( ७ .CHR)  ᥫ -
    ⭮ ᪨ 㭪.  installuserfont 頥 ᫮, -
    饥 .      롮      맮   㭪
    settextstyle  ⨬ 䨪஬.
        . ⠪ settextstyle

                                 11.46. line

           㪠묨 窠
        void far line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
           (x1,y1)  (x2,y2) ᯮ ⥪騥 梥,  -
      ⮫騭

                                      - 43 -
        . ⠪ lineto, linerel, setcolor, getlinesettings

                                11.47. linerel

        ஢   ⭮⥫쭮 ﭨ  ⥪饩 樨 (CP)
        void far linerel(int dx, int dy);
        ᯮ ⥪騩 梥,    ⮫騭
        . ⠪ line, lineto, setcolor, getlinesettings

                                11.48. lineto

        ஢   ⥪饩 樨  (x,y)
        void far lineto(int x, int y);
        . ⠪ line, setwritemode, linerel, setcolor, getlinesettings

                                11.49. moverel

        ६頥 ⥪  (CP)  ⭮⥫쭮 ﭨ
        void far moverel(int dx, int dy);
        . ⠪ moveto

                                11.50. moveto

        ६頥 ⥪   (x,y)
        void far moveto(int x, int y);
        . ⠪ moverel

                                11.51. outtext

        뢮 ப  ࠡ祥  (᪨ ०)
        void far outtext(char far *textstring);
        . ⠪ gettextsettings, textheight, textwidth, outtextxy

                               11.52. outtextxy

        뢮 ப  㪠  (᪨ ०)
        void far outtextxy(int x, int y, char far *textstring);

                                      - 44 -
        . ⠪ gettextsettings, textheight, textwidth, outtext

                               11.53. pieslice

          訢 ᪨ ண
        void far pieslice(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle,
                          int radius);
        . ⠪  setfillstyle, sector, fill_patterns, fillellipse,
    graphresult

                               11.54. putimage

        뢮  ࠧ  ࠭
        void far putimage(int left, int top, void far *bitmap, int op);
        bitmap 㪠뢠  ᨢ 祪 ࠧ,  ᮧ 筮 㭪-
    樥 getimage.  祭 op 㪠뢠 ,   த
     뢮 ࠧ  ⥪騬 ᮤন  (left, top).
        . ⠪ getimage

                               11.55. putpixel

           㪠 
        void far putpixel(int x, int y, int pixelcolor);
        . ⠪ getpixel, putimage

                               11.56. rectangle

         אַ㣮쭨 (᪨ ०)
        void far rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
        ᯮ ⥪騩  , ⮫騭  梥
        . ⠪ bar, setlinestyle, setcolor

                           11.57. registerbgidriver

         ਫ ᪨ ࠩ
        int registerbgidriver(void (*driver)(void));
        ନ   ⥬    ⮬,   ࠩ ன⢠,

                                      - 45 -
    㪠 ࠬ஬ driver  祭  ६ .
        . ⠪ initgraph, registerbgifont, installuserdriver

                            11.58. registerbgifont

         ਫ 
        int registerbgifont(void (*font)(void));
        ନ  ⥬  ⮬,    㪠  -
    ஬ font  祭  ६ .
        . ⠪ initgraph, registerbgidriver, graphresult

                            11.59. restorecrtmode

        ⠭ ० ࠭  ﭨ,   ।饥  맮
    initgraph
        void far restorecrtmode(void);
        . ⠪ initgraph, setgraphmode

                                11.60. sector

          訢 ᪨ ᮪ ண
        void far sector(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle,
                        int xradius, int yradius);
        x  y । 業ࠫ .  stangle  endangle ।
    砫   㣫. xradius  yradius - ਧ⠫  -
     ࠤ.
        . ⠪ pieslice, setfillstyle, fill_patterns, graphresult

                             11.61. setactivepage

        ⠭ ⨢ ࠭  ᪮ 뢮
        void far setactivepage(int page);
        ᫥騩 ᪨ 뢮    ࠭.      
      ࠭楩, ⮡ࠦ  饥 ६.
        . ⠪ setvisualpage

                             11.62. setallpalette

                                      - 46 -

        ,  㪠,  梥 
        void far setallpalette(struct palettetype far *palette);
        . ⠪  setpalette,   getpalettesize,   getpalette,   setcolor,
    setbkcolor, graphresult

                            11.63. setaspectratio

        ⠭ ⭮襭 ஭
        void far setaspectratio(int xasp, int yasp);
        㭪 arc       ᯮ aspectratio,  ⮡ 
    㣨 㣫묨,    묨.  yasp   10000.  ᯮ
    xasp=10000, ᫨ 窨  (VGA)  <10000  ᮪ 祪.
        . ⠪ getaspectratio

                              11.64. setbkcolor

        ⠭ ⥪騩 梥 䮭, ᯮ 
        void far setbkcolor(int color);
        . ⠪ setpalette, setcolor, getbkcolor

                               11.65. setcolor

        ⠭ ⥪騩 梥 㭪
        void far setcolor(int color);
        . ⠪ getcolor, setbkcolor, setpalette, graphresult

                            11.66. setfillpattern

        롨ࠥ 客, । 짮⥫
        void far setfillpattern(char far *upattern, int color);
        upattern 㪠뢠    8 , । 㧮 8x8 -
    祪
        . ⠪    fill_patterns,    getfillpattern,    getfillsettings,
    graphresult

                             11.67. setfillstyle

                                      - 47 -

        ⠭ 㧮 客  梥
        void far setfillstyle(int pattern, int color);
        pattern । ࠭ ⠭ 㧮
        . ⠪  getfillsettings,   pieslice,   setfillpattern,  sector,
    graphresult

                            11.68. setgraphbufsize

         ࠧ ७ ᪮ 
        unsigned far setgraphbufsize(unsigned bufsize);
         뢠  맮 initgraph.  頥 ०  ࠧ
    .
        . ⠪ initgraph, _graphgetmem

                             11.69. setgraphmode

        ॢ ⥬  ᪨ ०, 頥 ࠭
        void far setgraphmode(int mode);
        . ⠪ initgraph, getgraphmode, restorecrtmode, graphresult

                             11.70. setlinestyle

        ⠭ ⥪騩 , ਭ  㧮 
        void far setlinestyle(int linestyle, unsigned upattern,
                              int thickness);
        ⠭     㭪権: line, lineto, rectangle,
    drawpoly, arc, circle, ellipse, pieslice
        . ⠪ getlinesettings, graphresult

                              11.71. setpalette

          梥 
        void far setpalette(int colornum, int color);
        . ⠪ getpalette,  graphresult, setallpalette, getpalettesize,
    setcolor, setrgbcolor, setbkcolor, setrgbpalette


                                      - 48 -
                              11.72. setrgbcolor

        ⠭    ࠩ஢ VGA  IBM-8514
        void far setrgbcolor(int colornum,  int red, int green, int blue);
        colornum - ⠭  ; red,  green  blue -
     ⮢騥 梥.
        . ⠪ setpalette, setrgbpalette

                             11.73. setrgbpalette

        । 梥  ᪮  IBM-8514
    void far setrgbpalette(int colornum, int red, int green, int blue);
        colornum -  㦠  (0-255).  red,  green   blue
    । ⮢騥  梥.  ᯮ ⮫쪮 訩  
    祭,  ⮫쪮 6   㦠  .
        . ⠪ setrgbcolor, setpalette

                            11.74. settextjustify

        ⠭ ० ࠢ ⥪  ᪮ ०
        void far settextjustify(int horiz, int vert);
          뢮 ⥪ 㭪樥 outtext   묨.   -
    ࠢ ਧ⠫쭮  ⨪쭮.
        㬥  ਭ ᫥騥 祭:
        horiz   LEFT_TEXT   (0) - ࠢ ᫥
                CENTER_TEXT (1) - 業஢ ⥪
                RIGHT_TEXT  (2) - ࠢ ࠢ
        vert    BOTTOM_TEXT (0) - ࠢ ᭨
                CENTER_TEXT (1) - 業஢ ⥪
                TOP_TEXT    (2) - 뭨 ᢥ
        . ⠪ settextstyle, gettextsettings, graphresult

                             11.75. settextstyle

        ⠭ ⥪騥 ࠪ⨪ ⥪
        void far settextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize);
        . ⠪  settextjustify,    installuserfont,    gettextsettings,

                                      - 49 -
    graphresult

                            11.76. setusercharsize

        ।塞 짮⥫  ⠡騩  ⥫   
    ⮢
      void far setusercharsize(int multx, int divx, int multy, int divy);
        . ⠪ gettextsettings, graphresult

                              11.77. setviewport

        ⠭ ⥪饥 ࠡ祥   ᪮ 뢮
        void far setviewport(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
                             int clip);
        . ⠪ getviewsettings, graphresult

                             11.78. setvisualpage

        ⠭   ᪮ ࠭
        void far setvisualpage(int page);
          ᯫ    ࠭ . -
     ࠭- ࠭ 室  ࠭. ᪨ 㭪樨
    뢮  ⨢ , । 㭪樥 setactivepage.
        . ⠪ setactivepage, graphresult

                             11.79. setwritemode

        ⠭ ० 뢮 ᪨ 
        void far setwritemode(int mode);
        ᫨ mode=0,  뢮  ᮤন ࠭. ᫨ mode=
    1,  窠   ᮤন ࠭ 믮  ᪫-
    饥  (XOR).
        . ⠪ lineto

                              11.80. textheight

        頥  ப ( 窠)

                                      - 50 -
        int far textheight(char far *textstring);
        ᯮ  ⠪ ᪨ 㭪ﬨ  outtext
        . ⠪ gettextsettings, textwidth, outtext

                               11.81. textwidth

        頥 ਭ ப ( 窠)
        int far textwidth(char far *textstring);
        ᯮ  ⠪ ᪨ 㭪ﬨ  outtext
        . ⠪ gettextsettings, textheight, outtext

                                   12. IO.H

                             । 㭪樨:

        access                  dup2                read
        _chmod                  eof                 setftime
        chmod                   filelength          setmode
        chsize                  getftime            sopen
        _close                  ioctl               tell
        close                   isatty              unlink
        _creat                  lock                unlock
        creat                   lseek               _write
        creatnew                _open               write
        creattemp               open
        dup                     _read

                                 12.1. access

        । 㯭 䠩
        int access(const char *filename, int amode);
        amode=0    ஢ ⢮ 䠩
        amode=2    ஢ ࠧ襭 
        ᫨ ॡ㥬 ᯮᮡ 㯠 ࠧ襭,  頥 0,  ⨢-
     砥 頥 -1  ⠭ errno

                                 12.2 _chmod

                                      - 51 -

         ० 㯠
        int _chmod(const char *filename, int func [ , int attrib ] );
        ᫨ func=0,  _chmod 頥 ਡ 䠩. ᫨ func=1, -
     ⠭.   ᯥ,  _chmode 頥 ᫮ ਡ⮢
    䠩;  ⨢ 砥 -1.  砥 訡 ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ chmod

                                 12.3. chmode

         ० 㯠
        int chmod(const char *filename, int amode);
         砥 ᯥ譮  ० 㯠,  chmode 頥 0.
     ⨢ 砥 -1.
        . ⠪ _chmode, ० 㯠

                                 12.4. chsize

         ࠧ 䠩
        int chsize(int handle, long size);
         ᯥ 頥 0.  㤠 -1  ⠭ errno
        . ⠪ creat, fopen

                              12.5. _close/close

        뢠 䠩
        int _close(int handle);
        int close(int handle);
         ᯥ譮  襭    0;   ⨢ 砥,  
     -1  ⠭ errno

                              12.6. _creat/creat

          䠩  ९뢠 㦥 騩
        int _creat(const char *path, int attrib);
        int creat(const char *path, int amode);
        creat 뢠  䠩  ०,   㭪樥 _fmode.  _creat

                                      - 52 -
    ᥣ 뢠 䠩  筮 ०.   ᯥ 頥 
     䠩;  ⨢ 砥 -1  ⠭ errno.

                                12.7. creatnew

          䠩
        int creatnew(const char *path, int attrib);
        creatnew 祭 _creat,  ᪫祭 ⮣,  訡 -
    頥, ᫨ 䠩 㦥 .  ⠥  MS-DOS 3.0    
    .

                               12.8. creattemp

         ⤥ 䠩  ⠫,   䠩
        int creattemp(char *path, int attrib);
         _creat,  ᪫祭 ⮣,  filename -   ஦-
    , ஥  稢  \. filename   -
    筮 訬, ⮡  १饥  䠩. ⠥  MS-
    DOS 3.0   .
        . ⠪ creat, _creat

                                  12.9. dup

        㡫  䠩
        int dup(int handle);
         ᯥ譮 襭 頥   䠩;  ⨢
    砥 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ dup2

                                 12.10. dup2

          䠩 oldhandle  騩  newhandle
        int dup2(int oldhandle, int newhandle);
         ᯥ 頥 0;  訡 -1.
        . ⠪ dup

                                  12.11. eof

                                      - 53 -

        ஢  䠩
        int eof(int handle);
        頥 ᫥騥 祭:
        1          䠩
        0           䠩
        -1        訡, ⠭ errno
        . ⠪ ferror, perror, EOF

                              12.12. filelength

         ࠧ 䠩  
        long filelength(int handle);
         訡 頥 -1  ⠭ errno
        . ⠪ open, lseek

                               12.13. getftime

           ६ ᮧ 䠩
        int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
         ᯥ 頥 0,  㤠 -1  ⠭ errno
        . ⠪ setftime, open

                                 12.14. ioctl

        ࠢ /뢮 ன⢠
        int ioctl(int handle, int func [ , void *argdx, int argcx ] );
         func=0  1,  頥 ଠ  ன⢥  (DX  
    饭  ioctl).
         func  2  5,  頥 ⢨⥫쭮  ।  -
    ⢮ .
         func=6,  7, 頥 ﭨ ன⢠
          砥,   㦥 訡 頥 -1  ⠭-
     errno

                                12.15. isatty


                                      - 54 -
        ஢ ⨯ ன⢠
        int isatty(int handle);
        ᫨ ன⢮ ᨬ쭮 ⨯, isatty 頥 㫥 楫

                                 12.16. lock

        ⠭  ࠧ 䠩  ࠢ  ६
    㯮
        int lock(int handle, long offset, long length);
        ।頥   ⥭   㣮 ணࠬ  -
    , 稭   offset,  length .
         ᯥ 頥 0,  訡 -1.
        . ⠪ open, unlock

                                 12.17. lseek

        ६頥 㪠⥫ ⥭/ 䠩
        long lseek(int handle, long offset, int fromwhere);
        頥    䠩,  塞      砫
    䠩. 頥 -1L  訡  ⠭ errno
        . ⠪ fopen, fseek, ftell, getc, setbuf, ungetc

                                 12.18. _open

        뢠 䠩  ⥭  
        int _open(const char *filename, int oflags);
         ᯥ 頥  䠩;  ⨢ 砥 -1
        . ⠪ open

                                 12.19. open

        뢠 䠩  ⥭  
        int open(const char *pathname, int access [ , unsigned mode ] );
         ᯥ  頥   䠩;  ⨢ 砥 -1  -
     errno
        . ⠪ close,  creat,  _creat,  dup, fopen, lseek, _open, read,
    sopen, write

                                      - 55 -

                                 12.20. _read

        ⠥  䠩
        int _read(int handle, void *buf, unsigned len);
        頥 ᫮ ⠭ ; ᫨ 祭 -䠩, 0;
     訡 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ read, _open

                                 12.21. read

        ⠥  䠩
        int read(int handle, void *buf, unsigned len);
         ᯥ譮 襭 頥 楫 ᫮,  饥 -
    ⢮ ,    饭  ; ᫨ 䠩    ⥪⮢
    ०, read  ⠥  ⪨  ᨬ -Z.  訡
    頥 -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ _read, open, write

                               12.22. setftime

        ⠭   ६ 䠩
        int setftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
         ᯥ 頥 0;  ⨢ 砥 -1.
        . ⠪ getftime

                                12.23. setmode

        ⠭ ०  䠩
        int setmode(int handle, int amode);
         ᯥ 頥 0;  ⨢ 砥 -1.
        . ⠪ open, creat

                                 12.24. sopen

        : sopen(path,access,shflag,mode)
        뢠 䠩    ० ࠧ.  祭  ᮢ⨬ 

                                      - 56 -
    ࠭ ﬨ Turbo C  㣨 ࠬ
        . ⠪ open

                                 12.25. tell

         ⥪  㪠⥫ 䠩
        long tell(int handle);
        頥 ⥪  㪠⥫ 䠩  -1,  砥 訡
        . ⠪ fseek

                                12.26. unlink

        . .7.58.

                                12.27. unlock

          ᮢ⭮ ᯮ짮 䠩   ६
    㯠
        int unlock(int handle, long offset, long length);
         ᯥ 頥 0,  訡 -1.
        . ⠪ lock

                                12.28. _write

          䠩
        int _write(int handle, void *buf, unsigned len);
        頥 ᫮ ᠭ ,  -1  砥 訡
        . ⠪ write

                                 12.29. write

          䠩
        int write(int handle, void *buf, unsigned nbyte);
        頥 ᫮ ᠭ ,  -1  砥 訡
        . ⠪ creat, open, read, _write, lseek

                                  13. LIMITS

                                      - 57 -

                            । ⠭:

        CHAR_BIT                 LONG_MAX              SHRT_MIN
        CHAR_MAX                 LONG_MIN              UCHAR_MAX
        CHAR_MIN                 SCHAR_MAX             UINT_MAX
        INT_MAX                  SCHAR_MIN             ULONG_MAX
        INT_MIN                  SHRT_MAX              USHRT_MAX

                      13.1. CHAR_BIT, CHAR_MAX, CHAR_MIN

        ᫮ ,  ᨬ쭮  쭮 祭  ⨯ char, -
    騥  ⮣,  । ⨯ har  㬮砭   
    .

                            13.2. INT_MAX, INT_MIN

        ᨬ쭮  쭮 祭  ⨯ int

                           13.3. LONG_MAX, LONG_MIN

        ᨬ쭮  쭮 祭  ⨯ long

                          13.4. SCHAR_MAX, SCHAR_MIN

        ᨬ쭮  쭮 祭  ⨯ char

                           13.5. SHRT_MAX, SHRT_MIN

        ᨬ쭮  쭮 祭  ⨯ short

                               13.6. UCHAR_MAX

        ᨬ쭮 祭  ⨯ unsigned char

                                13.7. UINT_MAX


                                      - 58 -
        ᨬ쭮 祭  ⨯ unsigned int

                               13.8. ULONG_MAX

        ᨬ쭮 祭  ⨯ unsigned long

                               13.9. USHRT_MAX

        ᨬ쭮 祭  ⨯ unsigned short

                                   14. MATH

                             । 㭪樨:

                abs      cabs     floor     log         pow10
                acos     ceil     fmod      log10       sin
                asin     cos      frexp     matherr     sinh
                atan     cosh     hypot     modf        sqrt
                atan2    exp      labs      poly        tan
                atof     fabs     ldexp     pow         tanh

                                  14.1. :abs

         ᮫ 稭 楫 ᫠
        abs(x),  x 楫
        int abs(int x);
        ।  MATH.H, STDLIB.H

                                  14.2. acos

        પᨭ
        double acos(double x);
        頥 祭  0  

                                  14.3. asin

        

                                      - 59 -
        double asin(double x);
        頥 祭  -/2  /2

                                  14.4. atan

        ⠭
        double atan(double x);
        頥 祭  -/2  /2

                                 14.5. atan2

        ⠭  y/x
        double atan2(double y, double x);
        頥 祭  -  

                                  14.6. atof

        ८ࠧ ப ᨬ  ᫮  饩 窮
        double atof(const char *s);
        頥 ८ࠧ 祭 s  0, ᫨ s  뫮 ८-
    ࠧ
        . ⠪ atoi, fcvt, atol, sscanf, ecvt, strtod

                                  14.7. cabs

        ᮫⭮ 祭 ᭮ ᫠
        double cabs(struct complex znum);
        頥 ᮫⭮ 祭 znum   筮
        . ⠪ abs, fabs, labs

                                  14.8. ceil

        㣫 
        double ceil(double x);
        頥 襥 楫,   ࠢ x
        . ⠪ floor


                                      - 60 -
                                  14.9. cos

        ᨭ
        double cos(double x);
        x   ࠤ. 頥 祭  -1  1.

                                 14.10. cosh

        ࡮᪨ ᨭ
        double cosh(double x);

                                  14.11. exp

         e  ⥯ x
        double exp(double x);
        . ⠪ frexp, ldexp, log, pow

                                 14.12. fabs

        ᮫⭮ 祭 ᫠  饩 窮
        double fabs(double x);
        . ⠪ abs, cabs, labs

                                 14.13. floor

        㣫 
        double floor(double x);
        頥 襥 楫,   ࠢ x
        . ⠪ ceil

                                 14.14. fmod

         ⮪  x/y
        double fmod(double x, double y);
        . ⠪ modf

                                 14.15. frexp

                                      - 61 -

         ᫮ ⨯ double    冷
        double frexp(double value, int *exponent);
         x (<1)   n,  ⠪  value = x * (2 ** n). 頥
     x  ⠭ *exponent   n.
        . ⠪ exp

                                 14.16. hypot

         ⥭ אַ㣮쭮 㣮쭨
        double hypot(double x, double y);

                                 14.17. labs

        ᮫⭮ 祭  long
        long labs(long x);
        ⨯  MATH.H, STDLIB.H
        . ⠪ abs, cabs

                                 14.18. ldexp

         ᫮    浪
        double ldexp(double value, int exp);
        頥 x,  x = value * pow(2, exp)
        . ⠪ exp, frexp

                                  14.19. log

        ࠫ 
        double log(double x);
        . ⠪ exp

                                 14.20. log10

         
        double log10(double x);
        . ⠪ exp

                                      - 62 -

                                14.21. matherr

        ⥫⢮ 짮⥫  ࠡ稪 ⥬᪮ 訡
        int matherr(struct exception *e);
             ᢮ ᮡ⢥ 㭪 matherr  ࠢ
    ࠡ稪 訡,  㦨 ⥪ math.  matherr 
     㢮 祭, ᫨  ᯮᮡ ࠧ ஡, 
    ⨢ 砥 0.     ⠪  ஢    retval  
     e,   ஥  頥 १ ஢ 䥩 ࢮ-
    砫쭮 뢠⥫.

                                 14.22. modf

          楫  ஡ 
        double modf(double x, double *ipart);
         祭 㬥  2 :  楫  ஡.   
       *part, ஡ 頥

                                 14.23. poly

        ந   㬥⮢
        double poly(double x, int degree, double coeffs[]);
        頥 祭      ⥯   n,      樥⠬
    coefs[0],...coefs[n],  窥 x

                                  14.24. pow

        ⥯ 㭪 (x  ⥯ y)
        double pow(double x, double y);

                                 14.25. pow10

        10  ⥯ p
        double pow10(int p);

                                  14.26. sin

                                      - 63 -

        
        double sin(double x);
        x   ࠤ. 頥 祭    -1  1.

                                 14.27. sinh

        ࡮᪨ ᨭ
        double sinh(double x);

                                 14.28. sqrt

         ७
        double sqrt(double x);
        頥 ७   x

                                  14.29. tan

        
        double tan(double x);
        x   ࠤ

                                 14.30. tanh

        ࡮᪨ ⠭
        double tanh(double x);

                                   15. MEM

                             । 㭪樨:

                      memccpy                 memmove
                      memchr                  memset
                      memcmp                  movedata
                      memcpy                  movmem
                      memicmp                 setmem


                                      - 64 -
                                15.1. memccpy

           n   scr  dest
        void *memccpy(void *dest, const void *src, int c, size_t n);
        ⨯  MEM.H, STRING.H
         㭪 ⠭ ᫥ ஢ ,  ᮢ饣
     c,   頥 㪠⥫    dest, ᫥騩  c;  ⨢-
     砥 頥 NULL.

                                 15.2. memchr

         ᨬ c   n  ᨢ s
        void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n);
        ⨯  MEM.H, STRING.H
        頥 㪠⥫  ࢮ   c  NULL,  ᫨ c
      .

                                 15.3. memcmp

        ࠢ  ப, s1  s2,  ⪥  n 
        int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);
        ⨯  MEM.H, STRING.H
        頥 祭 <0,  ᫨ s1  s2; 0, ᫨ s1 ᮢ 
    s2; >0, ᫨ s1  s2

                                 15.4. memcpy

           n   scr  dest
        void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);
        ⨯  MEM.H, STRING.H
        頥 dest

                                15.5. memicmp

        ࠢ  n  s1  s2  孨/ ॣ
        int memicmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);
        ⨯  MEM.H, STRING.H

                                      - 65 -
        頥 祭 <0,  ᫨ s1  s2; 0, ᫨ s1 ᮢ 
    s2; >0, ᫨ s1  s2

                                15.6. memmove

        ७   n   scr  dest
        void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);
        ⨯  MEM.H, STRING.H
        頥 dest

                                 15.7. memset

         n  s ⮬ c
        void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t n);
        ⨯  MEM.H, STRING.H
        頥 s

                                15.8. movedata

         
        void movedata(unsigned srcseg,  unsigned srcoff, unsigned destseg,
                      unsigned destoff, size_t n);
        ⨯  MEM.H, STRING.H
         n   srcseg:srcoff  destseg:destoff
        . ⠪ FP_OFF, memcpy, segread

                                 15.9. movmem

        ६頥   lenght   src  dest
        void movmem(void *src, void *dest, unsigned length);

                                15.10. setmem

            祭
        void setmem(void *dest, int len, char value);
        . ⠪ memset, strset


                                      - 66 -
                                 16. PROCESS

                             । 㭪樨:

                 abort       execv      exit         spawnv
                 execl       execve     spawnl       spawnve
                 execle      execvp     spawnle      spawnvp
                 execlp      execvpe    spawnlp      spawnvpe
                 execlpe     _exit      spawnlpe     system

                                 16.1. abort

        ଠ쭮 襭 
        void abort(void);
        ⨯  STDLIB.H, PROCESS.H
        . ⠪ atexit, assert, exit

                                  16.2. exec

        㦠  ᯮ  ணࠬ
        int execl(char *path, char *arg0, ..., NULL);
        int execle(char *path, char *arg0, ..., NULL, char **envp);
        int execlp(char *path, char *arg0, ..., NULL);
        int execlpe(char *path, char *arg0, ..., NULL, char **envp);
        int execv(char *path, char *argv[]);
        int execve(char *path, char *argv[], char **envp);
        int execvp(char *path, char *argv[]);
        int execvpe(char *path, char *argv[], char **envp);
         砥 ᯥ 㭪樨 exec 祣    .     訡
     -1  ⠭ errno.
        . ⠪ spawn, searchpath, system

                                  16.3. _exit

        蠥 ᯮ ணࠬ
        void _exit(int status);
        ⨯  STDLIB.H, PROCESS.H

                                      - 67 -
        . ⠪ exit, abort, atexit

                                  16.4. exit

        蠥 ᯮ ணࠬ
        void exit(int status);
        ⨯  STDLIB.H, PROCESS.H
        । 室,  ਧ 뢮 뢠, 䠩 뢠-
    ,  뢠 㭪樨 exit
        . ⠪ abort, atexit, _exit

                                 16.5. spawn

        㭪樨 spawn  襩 ணࠬ ᪠ 㣨  䠩  
     ࠢ ᥡ,  ᯮ .
         ᯥ譮 믮 頥 室 ﭨ  ୥
     (0  ଠ쭮 室). ᫨  ணࠬ ᯥ樠-
     맢 exit  㫥 㬥⮬,   室  ﭨ  
    ⠭  㫥 祭. ᫨ ணࠬ    ᯥ-
     ᯮ, 㭪樨 spawn  -1.
         㭪樨  spawn ᯮ,  ᫨   ࠭ ᪮쪮 
     㤥 㬥⮢.
    int spawnl(int mode, char *path, char *arg0, ..., NULL);
    int spawnle(int mode, char *path, char *arg0, ..., NULL, char **env);
    int spawnlp(int mode, char *path, char *arg0, ..., NULL);
    int spawnlpe(int mode, char *path, char *arg0, ..., NULL, char **env);
         㭪樨 spawn ᯮ,  ᫨    ࠭ ᪮쪮
      㤥 㬥⮢.
        int spawnv(int mode, char *path, char *argv[]);
        int spawnve(int mode, char *path, char *argv[], char **env);
        int spawnvp(int mode, char *path, char *argv[]);
        int spawnvpe(int mode, char *path, char *argv[], char **env);
        㪢    㭪樨 spawn । ᯮ㥬 ਠ
        p       ணࠬ  ஦ DOS
        l     ࠡ뢠 䨪஢ ᯨ᮪ 㬥
        v     ࠡ뢠 ६ ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢
        e     ࠡ뢠 㪠⥫ env,    㦥,

                                      - 68 -
              ஥ 㤥   㭪
        . ⠪ abort, atexit, exit, exec, system

                                 16.6. system

        믮  MS-DOS
        int system(const char *command);
        ⨯  PROCESS.H, STDLIB.H
         믮 ७  DOS,  ⠪  DIR, .COM, .EXE
     .BAT 䠩.  ᯥ 頥 0,  㤠 -1.
        . ⠪ searchpath

                                  17. SETJMP

                     । 㭪樨: longjmp, setjmp

                                17.1. longjmp

        믮  室
        void longjmp(jmp_buf jmpb, int retval);
        । ࠢ  ,  㤠   맢  setjmp  (
    樠 jmpb).   믮 த  ⮩ 窨 ⠪,  
    ᫨  setjmp 頫 祭 ।塞  retval.   longjmp  
      祭 0. ᫨ retval==0, longjmp 頥 1.
        . ⠪ ctrlbrk, signal

                                 17.2. setjmp

        ⠭   쭮 室
        int setjmp(jmp_buf jmpb);
        ࠭ ࠡ ଠ,  ⠪  祭 ॣ஢,   ⠪
    ⮡ 㭪 longjmp  । ࠢ ࠦ,  ᫥饬
     맢訬 setjmp.  ࢮ 饭 頥 0.
        . ⠪ longjmp

                                  18. SHARE


                                      - 69 -
        । ⠭:  SH_COMPAT, SH_DENYRD, SH_DENYNO, SH_DENYRW,
    SH_DENYNONE, SH_DENYWR
        . "⠭ ⨯  TURBO-C" .6.11.

                                  19. SIGNAL

                      । 㭪樨: raise, signal

                                 19.1. raise

        뫠 ᨣ ᯮ塞 ணࠬ
        int raise(int sig);
        ᯮ raise  ணࠬ    ᫠ ᨣ ᠬ ᥡ.  
    ਢ   ࠡ稪,  ⠭  㭪樥  signal  
     ⨯ ᨣ sig (  ࠡ稪  㬮砭).  ᨣ-
     ।  SIGNAL.H
        . ⠪ signal

                                 19.2. signal

        ⠭ ࠡ稪  ᨣ
        typedef void (*sigfun)(int subcode);
        int signal(int sig, sigfun *fname);
        㭪   㪠뢠 fname 㤥 맢,   ⨢-
     ᨣ ⨯ sig 㭪樥 raise.   ⨢,  
     ᪫⥫ ᫮   맮 raise.
        . ⠪ raise

                                   20. STAT

                       । 㭪樨: fstat, stat

                                 20.1. fstat

         ଠ  ⮬ 䠩
        int fstat(int handle, struct stat *statbuf)
         ᯥ 頥 0;  訡 -1  ⠭ errno

                                      - 70 -
        . ⠪ stat, chmod, access

                                  20.2. stat

         ଠ  䠩
        int stat(char *path, struct stat *statbuf)
         ᯥ 頥 0;  訡 -1  ⠭ errno
        . ⠪ access, fstat, chmod


                                  21. STDARG

                     । : va_end, va_start
                       ⨯ ६: va_arg, va_list

                                 21.1. va_end

        蠥   ६ 㬥⠬
        void va_end(va_list ap);

                                21.2. va_start

        ᪠   ६ 㬥⠬
        void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);

                                 21.3. va_arg

        ᮪ ६ 㬥⮢ 㯠
        type va_arg(va_list ap, type);
        頥 ⥪騩 㬥 ᯨ᪠

                                21.4. va_list

         㪠⥫,  ।   㭪権,   ਭ
    㪠⥫  ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢
        . ⠪ vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf


                                      - 71 -
                                  22. STDDEF

        । ⠭  ⨯ : errno, ptrdiff_t, size_t, NULL
        . . 8.2.  "⠭ ⨯  TURBO-C" . 1.2, 1.7

                                  23. STDIO

                             । 㭪樨:

            clearerr    fileno     fsetpos   puts        strerror
            fclose      flushall   ftell     putw        tmpfile
            fcloseall   fopen      fwrite    remove      tmpnam
            fdopen      fprintf    getc      rename      ungetc
            feof        fputc      getchar   rewind      unlink
            ferror      fputchar   gets      scanf       vfprintf
            fflush      fputs      getw      setbuf      vfscanf
            fgetc       fread      perror    setvbuf     vprintf
            fgetchar    freopen    printf    sprintf     vscanf
            fgetpos     fscanf     putc      sscanf      vsprintf
            fgets       fseek      putchar   _strerror   vsscanf

                                23.1. clearerr

        뢠  訡
        void clearerr(FILE *fp);
        뢠  訡   䠩  ⮪ fp
        . ⠪ eof, ferror, feof, perror

                                 23.2. fclose

        뢠 ⮪
        int fclose(FILE *fp);
         ᯥ 頥 0;  㦥  訡 - EOF
        . ⠪ fflush, fcloseall, fopen, flushall, close

                               23.3. fcloseall


                                      - 72 -
        뢠   ⮪
        int fcloseall(void);
        頥 ⢮  ⮪  EOF,   ᫨  㦥
    訡.
        . ⠪ fclose, flushall

                                 23.4. fdopen

        뢠 ⮪  ᮬ 䠩, handle
        FILE *fdopen(int handle, char *type);
        頥   ⮣ ⮪  NULL  砥  訡
        . ⠪ fopen, open
                                 :
        r       ⥭
        w       
        a      (     䠩)
        +      ᨬ  ⮣, ⮡ ࠧ ⥭/
        b       筮 ०
        t       ⥪⮢ ०
        . ⠪ _fmode

                             23.5.  feof(f)

         ࠢ 0, ᫨  ⮪ 'f'  ⨣  䠩
        int feof(FILE *stream);
        . ⠪ clearerr, eof

                            23.6.  ferror(f)

         ࠢ 0 ᫨  ⮪ 'f' 뫠 㦥 訡
        int ferror(FILE *stream);
        . ⠪ clearerr, fopen, eof

                                 23.7. fflush

        頥 ⮪
        int fflush(FILE *fp);

                                      - 73 -
        頥 EOF  㦥  訡
        . ⠪ flushall, fclose

                                 23.8. fgetc

         ᨬ  ⮪
        int fgetc(FILE *fp);
        㭪樮쭠   getc
        . ⠪ fgetchar, fputc

                                23.9. fgetchar

         ᨬ  stdin ( ନ)
        int fgetchar(void);
        㭪樮쭠   getchar

                                23.10. fgetpos

         ⥪饥  㪠⥫ 䠩
        int fgetpos(FILE *fp, fpos_t *pos);
        ࠭  *pos    ।  fsetpos  -
     㪠⥫ 䠩.  ᯥ 頥 0;  ⨢ 砥 -
    㫥 祭.
        . ⠪ fseek, ftell, fsetpos, tell

                                 23.11. fgets
         ப  ⮪
        char *fgets(char *s, int n, FILE *fp);
         ᯥ 頥 ப s;  訡,   ᫨ 祭 -
     䠩 - NULL.
        . ⠪ fputs, gets

                            23.12.  fileno(f)

        頥  䠩, 易  ⮪ 'f'
        int fileno(FILE *stream);
        . ⠪ fdopen

                                      - 74 -

                               23.13. flushall

        頥   ⮪
        int flushall(void);
        頥   室 ⮪  뢠   䠩 
    室. 頥 ⢮ 室  室  ⮪.
        . ⠪ fflush, fclose, fcloseall

                                 23.14. fopen

        뢠 ⮪
        FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode);
         ᯥ 頥 㪠⥫    ⮪;  ⨢-
     砥 - NULL.
        . ⠪  fclose,  creat,  open,  dup,  ferror,  _fmode,  rewind,
    setbuf, setmode

                                23.15. fprintf

        ⢫ ଠ஢ 뢮  ⮪
        int fprintf(FILE *fp, const char *format, ...);
        ᯮ   ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ,    printf,   ⫨稥
       ⢫  뢮   ⮪ fp.  頥 ᫮ 뢥
    .  砥 訡 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ putc, fscanf
                            䨪樨 ଠ:

                   % [flags] [width] [.prec] [F|N|h|l] type

        type         ଠ 뢮
         d      筮 楫  
         i      筮 楫  
         o       쬨筮 楫
         u       筮 楫
         x       printf= ⭠筮 楫   -
                ;  scanf=⭠筮 楫

                                      - 75 -
         X       printf= ⭠筮 楫  孥 -
                ;  scanf=⭠筮 ⨯ long
         f      ᫮  饩 窮   [-]dddd.ddd
         e      ᫮  饩 窮   [-]d.ddd e [+/-]ddd
         g      ଠ e  f,  ᨬ  筮
         E      ⮦   e ⮫쪮 ⠥ E (ய᭮)
         G      ⮦   g ⮫쪮 ⠥ E (ய᭮)
         c       ᨬ
         s      ⠥ ᨬ    '\0'  [.prec]
         %      ᨬ %
         p      㪠⥫:    YYYY; 쭨 - XXXX:YYYY
         n      ࠭ ⢮ ᠭ ᨬ  , 㪠-
                 室 㬥⮬

       [flag]              ।
        ࠢ ࠢ,  0  ஡ ᫥
         -      ࠢ   ,  ஡ ࠢ
         +      ᥣ 稭  +  -
       ஡   ⠥  ⮫쪮  ⥫ 祭, + 
                ஡
         #      ८ࠧ  ᯮ짮 ୠ⨢ 
                c,s,d,i,u   
                o          0 । 㫥 㬥
                x  X    0x  0X । 㬥
                e, E, f    ᥣ ᯮ  
                g  G    ⮦   ,   ᫥ 㫥

      [width] (ਭ)           ﭨ  뢮
         n       襩  n ᨬ,  ஡
         0n      襩  n ᨬ,  ﬨ ᫥
         *      ᫥騩 㬥 ᯨ᪠  ਭ

      [.prec]
         筮  㬮砭
         .0     d,i,o,u,x   筮  㬮砭
                e, E, f      筮 窨
         .n     ᨬ n ᨬ

                                      - 76 -
         *      ᫥騩 㬥  ᯨ᪠ 㪠뢠 筮

     䨪             㬥
         F      쭨 㪠⥫
         N       㪠⥫
         h      d,i,o,u,x,X 楫 ⨯ short
         l      d,i,o,u,x,X 楫 ⨯ long
                e,E,f,g,G   ⨯ double (⮫쪮  scanf)
         L      e,E,f,g,G   ⨯ long double

                                 23.16. fputc

        뢮 ᨬ  ⮪
        int fputc(int c, FILE *fp);
        㭪樮쭠   putc

                               23.17. fputchar

        뢮 ᨬ  stdout ( ନ)
        int fputchar(int c);
        㭪樮쭠   putchar

                                 23.18. fputs

        뢮 ப  ⮪
        int fputs(const char *s, FILE *fp);
         ᯥ譮 襭 頥 ᫥ 뢥 ᨬ;  
    ⨢ 砥 EOF
        . ⠪ fgets, puts

                                 23.19. fread

        ⠥   ⮪
        size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t n, FILE *fp);
        뢠 n  ࠧ஬ size .  頥 ᫮  
    (  )  ⢨⥫쭮 ⠭.
        . ⠪ fopen, fwrite

                                      - 77 -

                                23.20. freopen

        뢠  䠩   ⮪
        FILE *freopen(const char *filename, const char *mode,
                      FILE *stream);
        ⮪ 뢠. 뢠 䠩   filename  뢠-
      ⮪.  ᯥ 頥 ᠬ ⮪,  㤠 NULL
        . ⠪ fopen

                                23.21. fscanf

        믮 ଠ஢   ⮪
        int fscanf(FILE *fp, const char *format, ...);
        頥 ⢮ ᯥ譮 ⠭,  ८ࠧ  -
     ;  頥 祭    ࠭ -
    .
        . ⠪ getc, fprintf, scanf

                                 23.22. fseek

        樮 㪠⥫ ⮪
        int fseek(FILE *fp, long offset, int whence);
        offset -    ⭮襭  樨,  㪠  whence.
     ᯥ 頥 0,  㤠 㢮 祭
        . ⠪ ftell, lseek, fopen, rewind

                                23.23. fsetpos

        樮 㪠⥫ ⮪
        int fsetpos( FILE *fp, const fpos_t *pos);
         , 㪠뢠 pos,  祭, 祭 -
      맮 fgetpos.  ᯥ 頥 0,  㤠 㫥
    祭.
        . ⠪ fseek, fgetpos, ftell

                                 23.24. ftell

                                      - 78 -

        頥 ⥪騩 㪠⥫ 䠩
        long ftell(FILE *fp);
         ᯥ 頥  㪠⥫ 䠩,  -1L  訡
        . ⠪ tell, fseek, fgetpos, fsetpos

                                23.25. fwrite

          ⮪
        size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t n, FILE *fp);
        뢠 n  ࠧ஬ size .  頥 ᫮ 
    (  ) ⢨⥫쭮 ᠭ.
        . ⠪ fopen, fread

                              23.26.  getc

         ᨬ  ⮪
        int getc(FILE *fp);
        頥 ⠭ ᨬ.  ᫨ 㤥 祭    䠩,
     ந 訡, 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ fgets, getw, fgetc, fscanf, fread, vfscanf, fopen, putc,
    getchar, getch

                             23.27.  getchar

         ᨬ  stdin
        int getchar(void);
         ᯥ,  getchar 頥 ⠭ ᨬ, ।⥫쭮
    ८ࠧ   楫  ७ .    䠩
      訡 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ gets,  scanf,  vscanf,  fgetchar, putchar, getc, ungetc,
    getch

                                 23.28. gets

        ਭ ப  stdin
        char *gets(char *string);

                                      - 79 -
        ਭ   stdin   ,     ᨬ 
    ப (\n).   ᨬ  ப  頥. 頥 㪠-
    ⥫  ப-㬥.

                                 23.29. getw

        ਭ 楫 ᫮  ⮪
        int getw(FILE *fp);
        頥 । 楫 ᫮  ⮪,  EOF  訡  
     䠩.   筥  ந諮, 訡   䠩, -
     feof  ferror.
        . ⠪ putw

                                23.30. perror

        饭  ⥬ 訡
        void perror(const char *s);
        ⠥ ᮮ饭  訡  stderr. 砫 뢮 ப--
    㬥, ⥬  稥,   ⥬ ᮮ饭,  ᮮ⢥饥 ⥪饬
    祭 errno,  ⥬ ॢ ப.
        . ⠪ strerror

                                23.31. printf

        ଠ஢ 뢮  stdout
        int printf(const char *format, ...);
        ଠ 塞 ᫮ 㬥⮢ ᮣ᭮ format  뫠
     stdout. 頥 ⢮ 뢥 .  訡 -
     EOF.
        . ⠪ ecvt, fprintf, putc, puts, scanf, vprintf

                                 23.32. putc

        뢮 ᨬ  ⮪
        int putc(int ch, FILE *fp);
         ᯥ 頥 ᨬ ch,  訡 EOF
        . ⠪ fputs, putw, fputc, fprintf, fwrite, vfprintf, fputchar,

                                      - 80 -
    getc, putchar, putch

                                23.33. putchar

        뢮 ᨬ  stdout
        int putchar(int ch);
         ᯥ 頥 ch,  訡 EOF
        . ⠪ puts,  printf,  putw,  vprintf, fputchar, getchar, putc,
    putch

                                 23.34. puts

        뢮 ப  stdout   ᨬ ॢ ப
        int puts(const char *s);
         ᯥ譮 襭 頥 ᫥ 뢥 ᨬ,  
    ⨢ 砥 EOF.
        . ⠪ putchar, gets, fputs, cputs

                                  23.35.putw

        뢮 楫 ᫮  ⮪
        int putw(int w, FILE *fp);
        頥 w
        . ⠪ printf, getw

                             23.36.  remove

        remove(filename)
        ࠥ 䠩.  ப ᫨  맮 㭪樨 unlink
        . ⠪ unlink

                                23.37. rename

        २뢠 䠩
        int rename(const char *oldname, const char *newname);
         ᯥ 頥 0,  訡 -1  ⠭ errno


                                      - 81 -
                                23.38. rewind

        ⠭ 㪠⥫ 䠩  砫 ⮪
        void rewind(FILE *fp);
        . ⠪ fseek, fopen

                                 23.39. scanf

        믮 ଠ஢   stdin
        int scanf(const char *format, ...);
        頥 ⢮  ᯥ譮 ਭ  ࠡ⠭ 室 -
    . ࠡ뢠  ଠ ᮣ᭮ format   頥  -
       , 㪠뢠 㬥⠬.
        . ⠪ atof,  cscanf,  fscanf,  getc,  printf, sscanf, vfscanf,
    vscanf, vsscanf

                                23.40. setbuf

        ।   ⮪
        void setbuf(FILE *fp, char *buf);
        ᫨  buf ᮤন NULL,  /뢮 㤥  ਧ; 
    ⨢ 砥 ਧ.  㤥  ࠧ BUFSIZ
        . ⠪ fopen, setvbuf

                                23.41. setvbuf

        ।   ⮪
        int setvbuf(FILE *fp, char *buf, int type, size_t size);
        size - ࠧ   . ᯮ  㭪  ।-
     訩 .  頥 0  ᯥ,  ⨢ 砥 -
     祭.
        . ⠪ fopen, setbuf

                                23.42. sprintf

        ⢫ ଠ஢ 뢮  ப
        int sprintf(char *buffer, const char *format, ...);

                                      - 82 -
        頥 ᫮ 뢥 .  砥 訡 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ printf, fprintf

                                23.43. sscanf

        ⢫ ଠ஢   ப
        int sscanf(const char *buffer, const char *format, ...);
        頥 ⢮  ᯥ譮 ਭ,  ८ࠧ  -
     .   ⪥   殬  sscanf  頥
    EOF.
        . ⠪ scanf, fscanf

                               23.44. _strerror

        ந ப ᮮ饭  訡,  ८ࠧ    ਢ筮
    
        char *_strerror(const char *s);
        ⨯  STRING.H
        饭  訡   s, , ᫥ -
    饭 ⥬  訡  ॢ ப.  s   ॢ 94
    ᨬ. 頥 㪠⥫  ப ᮮ饭  訡.
        . ⠪ strerror

                               23.45. strerror

        頥 㪠⥫  ப ᮮ饭  訡
        char *strerror(int errnum);
        ⨯  STRING.H, STDIO.H
        頥 㪠⥫    ப  ᮮ饭    訡   ஬
    errnum.
        . ⠪ _strerror, perror

                                23.46. tmpfile

        뢠 "୮" 䠩  筮 ०
        FILE *tmpfile(void);
        頥 㪠⥫    ⮪ ᮧ ६ 䠩.  ᫨

                                      - 83 -
    䠩    ᮧ, 頥 NULL.
        . ⠪ fopen, tmpnam

                                23.47. tmpnam

           䠩
        char *tmpnam(char *sptr);
        ᫨ sptr ᮤন NULL, tmpnam 頥 㪠⥫  ७
    ᪨ ꥪ.  ⨢ 砥 頥 sptr.
        . ⠪ tmpfile

                                23.48. ungetc

         頥 ᨬ ,  室 ⮪
        int ungetc(int c, FILE *fp);
        ᫥騩 맮  getc ( 㣨 㭪権,    ⮪),
     ⮪ fp, 㤥  c.  ᯥ 頥 c,  㤠-
     EOF.
        . ⠪ getc

                                23.49. unlink

        . . 7.48.

                               23.50. vfprintf

        ⢫ ଠ஢ 뢮  ⮪ ᯮ ᯨ᮪ -
    ⮢
        int vfprintf(FILE *fp, const char *format, va_list arglist);
        頥 ⢮ 뢥 .  訡 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ printf

                                23.51  vfscanf

        믮 ଠ஢   ⮪ ᯮ ᯨ᮪ 㬥-
    ⮢
        int vfscanf(FILE *fp, const char *format, va_list arglist);

                                      - 84 -
        頥 ⢮  ᯥ譮 ਭ,  ८ࠧ  -
     .
        . ⠪ scanf

                                23.52. vprintf

        믮 ଠ஢   뢮      stdout   ᯮ  ᯨ᮪
    㬥⮢
        int vprintf(const char *format, va_list arglist);
        頥 ⢮ 뢥 .  訡 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ printf

                                23.53. vscanf

        믮 ଠ஢    stdin ᯮ ᯨ᮪ 㬥-
    ⮢
        int vscanf(const char *format, va_list arglist);
        頥 ⢮  ᯥ譮 ਭ,  ८ࠧ  -
     . ᫨   䠩 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ scanf

                               23.54  vsprintf

        믮 ଠ஢ 뢮  ப ᯮ ᯨ᮪ 㬥-
    ⮢
        int vsprintf(char *buffer, const char *format, va_list arglist);
        頥 ⢮ 뢥 .  訡 頥 EOF.
        . ⠪ printf

                                23.55  vsscanf

        믮 ଠ஢   ப ᯮ ᯨ᮪ 㬥-
    ⮢
        int vsscanf(const char  *buffer,   const  char  *format,   va_list
    arglist);
        頥 ⢮  ᯥ譮 ਭ,  ८ࠧ  -
     . ᫨   䠩 頥 EOF.

                                      - 85 -
        . ⠪ scanf, sscanf, vsscanf

                                  24. STDLIB

                             । 㭪樨:

                  abort       exit        lsearch       _rotl
                  abs         fcvt        ltoa          _rotr
                  atexit      free        malloc        srand
                  atof        gcvt        max           strtod
                  atoi        getenv      min           strtol
                  atol        itoa        putenv        strtoul
                  bsearch     labs        qsort         swab
                  calloc      ldiv        rand          system
                  div         lfind       random        ultoa
                  ecvt        _lrotl      randomize
                  _exit       _lrotr      realloc

                                 24.1. abort

        . .16.1.

                                  24.2. abs

        . .14.1

                                 24.3. atexit

        ஢ 㭪 襭
        int atexit(atexit_t func);
         ᯥ 頥 0,  㤠 㫥 祭
        . ⠪ exit, abort

                                  24.4. atof

        . .14.6.


                                      - 86 -
                               24.5.  atoi

        ८ࠧ ப ᨬ  楫 ᫮
        int atoi(const char *s);
        頥 ८ࠧ 祭 室 ப. ᫨ ப 
      ८ࠧ, 頥 0.
        . ⠪ atof, fcvt, atol, sscanf, ecvt, strtod

                                  24.6. atol

        ८ࠧ ப  楫 ⨯ long
        long atol(const char *s);
        頥 ८ࠧ 祭 室 ப. ᫨ ப 
      ८ࠧ, 頥 0.
        . ⠪ atof, fcvt, atoi, sscanf, ecvt, strtod

                                24.7. bsearch

         
        void *bsearch(const void *key, const void *base, size_t  *nelem,
                   size_t width, int (*fcmp)(const void*, const void*));
        頥  ࢮ 宦  ⠡, ᮢ饥  箬
    ᪠. ᫨ ᮢ  㦥, 頥 0.
        㭪 *fcmp   ᫥騥 祭:
        < 0   ᫨ *elem1 < *elem2;
        ==0   ᫨ *elem1 == *elem2;
        > 0   ᫨ *elem1 > *elem2
            浪 ⠭
        . ⠪ lsearch, qsort

                                 24.8. calloc

        . .1.2.

                               24.9. div, ldiv

        div:    楫 ᫠

                                      - 87 -
        ldiv:   楫 ᫠ ⨯ long
        div_t  div(int numer, int denom);
        ldiv_t ldiv(long lnumer, long ldenom);
          㭪権 頥 , ⠬ ன -
     quot (楫   )  rem (⮪). 室  
    div 楫 ⨯,  ldiv - ⨯ long.

                              24.10. ecvt, fcvt

        ८ࠧ ᫮  饩 窮  ப ᨬ
        char *ecvt(double value, int ndig, int *dec,   int *sign);
        char *fcvt(double value, int ndig, int *dec,   int *sign);
         ecvt,  ndig  ⢮ ,  ஥ ॡ  -
    ,     fcvt   ⢮ ࠭塞  ᫥ 筮
    窨. 頥 祭 㪠뢠   , ९-
    뢠   饭.
        . ⠪ gcvt

                                 24.11. _exit

        . .16.3.

                                 24.12. exit

        . .16.4.

                                 24.13. free

        . .1.9.

                                 24.14. gcvt

        ८ࠧ ᫮  饩 窮  ப ᨬ
        char *gcvt(double value, int ndig, char *buf);
        頥 buf
        . ⠪ ecvt, fcvt


                                      - 88 -
                                24.15. getenv

        ਭ ப  㦥
        char *getenv(const char *name);
         ᯥ  頥  㪠⥫  祭,  易  
     NULL, ᫨   ।  㦥.
        . ⠪ putenv, environ

                                 24.16. itoa

        ८ࠧ 楫 ᫮  ப ᨬ
        char *itoa(int value, char *string, int radix);
        頥 㪠⥫  ப-襭
        . ⠪ ltoa

                                 24.17. labs

        . .14.17.

                            24.18. lfind, lsearch

        믮  
        void *lfind(const void *key, const void *base,
                    size_t *pnelem, size_t width,
             int (*fcmp)(const void *, const void *));

        void *lsearch(const void *key, void *base,
                      size_t *pnelem, size_t width,
             int (*fcmp)(const void *, const void *));
         㭪樨  ᯮ  ।  짮⥫  ணࠬ
    (fcmp)   ᪠  祭  key   ᨢ ᫥⥫ ᥩ.
    ᨢ ᠭ  騩 pnelem ᥩ  width     -
        ,  㪠 㪠⥫ base. 頥 -
     祭 宦,  ᮢ襥  箬 ᪠. ᫨ ᮢ
     㦥,  lsearch    ᯨ,   lfind 頥 0.
    ணࠬ *fcmp   0,  ᫨ *elem1==*elem2  㫥-
     祭  ⨢ 砥.

                                      - 89 -
        . ⠪ bsearch, qsort

                            24.19. _lrotl, _lrotr

        _lrotl:  稢 祭 ⨯ long 
        _lrotr:  稢 祭 ⨯ long ࠢ
        unsigned long _lrotr(unsigned long val, int count);
        unsigned long _lrotl(unsigned long val, int count);
          㭪樨  祭 val, ⮥  count .
        . ⠪ _rotl

                                 24.20. ltoa

        ८ࠧ 楫 ⨯ long  ப ᨬ
        char *ltoa(long value, char *string, int radix);
         筮 ।⠢ ᯮ radix=10,  ⭠-
    筮 radix=16. 頥 㪠⥫  ப-㬥.
        . ⠪ itoa, ultoa

                                24.21. malloc

        . .1.10.

                            24.22.  max, min

          室 ᨬ쭮  쭮 祭  -
     ᥫ.
        max(a,b)   ᨬ쭮   楫 a  b
        min(a,b)   쭮   楫 a  b

                                24.23. putenv

         ப  ⥪饬 㦥
        int putenv(const char *name);
         ᯥ 頥 0,  㤠 -1
        . ⠪ getenv


                                      - 90 -
                                 24.24. qsort

         ᯮ ணࠬ Quicksort
        void qsort(void *base, size_t nelem, size_t width,
                   int(*fcmp)(const void *, const void *));
         nelem 宦 ࠧ஬ width ,  ᯮ 
     base.   冷  ஢  ।塞 짮⥫
    㭪樥 fcmp,  饩 祭 <0 ᫨ elem1 < elem2;  =0  ᫨
    elem1 == elem2; >0 ᫨ elem1 > elem2.
        . ⠪ bsearch, lsearch

                                 24.25. rand

         砩 ᥫ
        int rand(void);
        頥 砩 ᫮    0  RAND_MAX,   ஥
    ।  STDLIB.H  ࠢ 32767.
        . ⠪ srand, randomize, random

                             24.26.  random

        int random(int num);
        頥 楫 ᫮    0  (num-1)
        . ⠪ rand, srand, randomize

                            24.27.  randomize

        void randomize(void);
        樠  砩 ᥫ 砩 祭,  -
      ⮬ 㭪 time, ⠪   ᯮ짮 ⮣ 
       䠩 TIME.H
        . ⠪ rand, srand, random

                                24.28. realloc

        . .1.11.


                                      - 91 -
                             24.29. _rotl, _rotr

        _rotl:  稢 祭 
        _rotr:  稢 祭 ࠢ
        unsigned _rotl(unsigned value, int count);
        unsigned _rotr(unsigned value, int count);
          㭪樨  祭, ⮥  count 
        . ⠪ _lrotl

                                 24.30. srand

        樠  砩 ᥫ
        void srand(unsigned seed);
         頥  祭
        . ⠪ rand, random, randomize

                                24.31. strtod

        ८ࠧ ப ᨬ  ᫮ ⨯ double  饩 窮
        double strtod(const char *s, char **endptr);
        頥 祭 s   ᫠ ⨯ double,  s - ᫥-
    ⥫쭮 ᨬ. ப  ᮮ⢥⢮ ᫥饬 ଠ:
        [ws] [sn] [ddd] [.] [ddd] [fmt[sn]ddd]
        . ⠪ atof

                                24.32. strtol

        ८ࠧ ப  ᨬ   ᫮ ⨯ long ᯮ 
    ⥬ ᫥ (radix)
        long strtol(const char *s, char **endptr, int radix);
        頥 ८ࠧ 祭 s  0  訡,    s  -
    ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ.  ப  ᮮ⢥⢮ ᫥饬
    ଠ:
        [ws] [sn] [0] [x] [ddd]
        . ⠪ atol, strtoul

                                24.33. strtoul

                                      - 92 -

        ८ࠧ ப ᨬ   ᫮ ⨯ long  -
     ⥬ ᫥
        unsigned long strtoul(const char *s, char **endptr, int radix);
        頥 祭 ८ࠧ ப  0  訡
        . ⠪ atol, strtol

                                 24.34. swab

        ⠢ 
        void swab(char *from, char *to, int nbytes);
         nbytes , ⠢    
        to[0] = from[1]
        to[1] = from[0]
        ...

                                24.35. system

        . .16.6.

                                 24.36. ultoa

        ८ࠧ  ⨯ long  ப ᨬ
        char *ultoa(unsigned long value, char *string, int radix);
        頥 㪠⥫  ப.  ଠ  訡  -
    .
        . ⠪ itoa
        
                                  25. STRING

                             । 㭪樨:

           memccpy       movmem       strcspn       strncat      strrchr
           memchr        setmem       strdup        strncmp      strrev
           memcmp        stpcpy       _strerror     strncmpi     strset
           memcpy        strcat       strerror      strncpy      strspn
           memicmp       strchr       stricmp       strnicmp     strstr

                                      - 93 -
           memmove       strcmp       strlen        strnset      strtok
           memset        strcmpi      strlwr        strpbrk      strupr
           movedata      strcpy

                            25.1. memccpy...setmem

        . .15. MEM

                                 25.2. stpcpy

          ப  
        char *stpcpy(char *dest, const char *src);
             strcpy,    ᪫祭 ⮣,   頥 dest +
    strlen(src)

                                 25.3. strcat

         src  dest
        char *strcat(char *dest, const char *src);
        頥 dest

                                 25.4. strchr

         c  str
        char *strchr(const char *str, int c);
        頥 㪠⥫  ࢮ  ᨬ c  str;  ᫨  c
     , 頥 NULL

                                 25.5. strcmp

        ࠢ s2  s1
        int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
        頥 祭,  ஥ <0,  ᫨ s1  s2; ==0, ᫨ s1
    ᮢ  s2; >0,  ᫨ s1  s2.  믮 ࠢ   ⮬
    .

                        25.6.  strcmpi, strncmpi

                                      - 94 -

        strcmpi(s1,s2)     . stricmp.
        strncmpi(s1,s2,n)  . strnicmp.
         ணࠬ  祭    ᮢ⨬  㣨
    ࠬ

                                 25.7. strcpy

         ப src  dest
        char *strcpy(char *dest, const char *src);
        頥 dest

                                25.8. strcspn

        室  砫쭮 ᥣ  s1,    ⮨
     ᨬ   s2
        size_t strcspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);

                                 25.9. strdup

        㡫 ப s
        char *strdup(const char *s);
        頥 㪠⥫  㡫  NULL,  ᫨  墠⠥  
     ࠧ饭 .  ⢥⢥  ᢮ , ⮩
    strdup,   짮⥫.
        . ⠪ free

                               25.10. _strerror

        . .23.44.

                               25.11. strerror

        . .23.45.

                                25.12. stricmp


                                      - 95 -
        ࠢ s2  s1  孨/ ॣ
        int stricmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
        頥 祭,  ஥ <0,  ᫨ s1  s2; ==0, ᫨ s1
    ᮢ  s2; >0,  ᫨ s1  s2.  믮 ࠢ   ⮬
    .  strcmpi ⥭ ⮩ 㭪樨.

                                25.13. strlen

        ।  ப s
        size_t strlen(const char *s);
        頥 ⢮ ᨬ  s,   0-ᨬ.

                                25.14. strlwr

        ८ࠧ s   ॣ
        char *strlwr(char *s);
        頥 㪠⥫  s

                                25.15. strncat

           maxlen ᨬ  src  dest
        char *strncat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen);
        頥 dest

                                25.16. strncmp

        ࠢ   maxlen ᨬ s2  s1
        int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t maxlen);
        頥 祭,  ஥ <0,  ᫨ s1  s2; ==0, ᫨ s1
    ᮢ  s2; >0,  ᫨ s1  s2.  믮 ࠢ   ⮬
    .

                                25.17. strncpy

           maxlen ᨬ  src  dest
        char *strncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen);
        ᫨ ᪮஢  maxlen  ᨬ,   0-ᨬ   

                                      - 96 -
    ᮤন  dest  㤥 ப, 蠥 0-ᨬ.
        頥 dest

                               25.18. strnicmp

        ࠢ     maxlen  ᨬ  s2   s1,   -
    / ॣ
        int strnicmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t maxlen);
        頥 祭,  ஥ <0,  ᫨ s1  s2; ==0, ᫨ s1
    ᮢ   s2; >0,  ᫨ s1  s2.  믮 ࠢ  ⮬
    .  strncmpi ⭮ ⮩ 㭪樨

                                25.19. strnset

          n ᨬ ப s 祭 c
        char *strnset(char *s, int c, size_t n);
        ⠭ ᫥    n  ᨬ    ᫨ 
    NULL. 頥 㪠⥫  s.

                                25.20. strpbrk

        ᬠਢ s1   ࢮ   ᨬ  s2
        char *strpbrk(const char *s1, const char *s2);
        頥 㪠⥫  ࢮ  ᨬ,  ᮤঠ饣 
    s2. ᫨ ⠪  , 頥 NULL.

                                25.21. strrchr

         ᫥  c  s
        char *strrchr(const char *s, int c);
        頥 㪠⥫    ᫥   ᨬ c  NULL,
    ᫨ c  

                                25.22. strrev

          ᨬ  s ( ᪫祭 饣 0-ᨬ)
        char *strrev(char *s);

                                      - 97 -
        頥 㪠⥫  ॢ஢ ப

                                25.23. strset

         s ᨬ c
        char *strset(char *s, int c);
        ⠭  㦥 ࢮ 0-ᨬ. 頥 㪠-
    ⥫  s.

                                25.24. strspn

        ।   砫쭮  ⪠  s1,  饣 楫 
    ᨬ, ਭ s2
        size_t strspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);

                                25.25. strstr

         ࢮ  ப s2  ப s1
        char *strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2);
        頥 㪠⥫    s1,  ᮤঠ騩 s2 (㪠뢠 s2
     s1)  NULL, ᫨ ⠪  ⨫

                                25.26. strtok

        ᬠਢ s1    ᥬ,  ᮤঠ  s2
        char *strtok(char *s1, const char *s2);
        s2 । ᨬ ࠧ. strtok  ப s1,
     ᫥⥫쭮  ᥬ,  ࠧ ⪠ ᨬ  s2.
    ᫨  s1   ᥬ,  頥 NULL. ᫨ ᥬ ,
      s1,  ᫥  ᥬ,   0-ᨬ,   strtok 頥
    㪠⥫  ᥬ.
        ᫥騥 맮  strtok,    NULL  ⢥ ࢮ 㬥,
    ᯮ । ப s1,  稭 ࠧ  㦥 -
    .

                                25.27. strupr


                                      - 98 -
        ८ࠧ  ᨬ  s  孨 ॣ
        char *strupr(char *s);
        頥 㪠⥫  s

                                  26. TIMEB

                           । 㭪 ftime

                                 26.1. ftime

        ࠭ ⥪饥 ६   timeb
        void ftime(struct timeb *buf);
         timeb ᮤন ६  ᥪ㭤  1  1970.  -
    쭮  ᥪ㭤.  頥 ⠪  ⭮ ६  
    䫠     ६
        . ⠪ time, ftime structure, asctime, tzset

                                   27. TIME

                             । 㭪樨:

             asctime      difftime      localtime      time
             clock        gmtime        stime          tzset
             ctime

                                27.1. asctime

        ८ࠧ   ६  ASCII
        char *asctime(const struct tm *tblock);
        頥 㪠⥫  ப ᨬ,  ᮤঠ   ६.
     ப ᪠  ९뢠   맮.
        . ⠪ ctime, difftime, gmtime, localtime, time

                                 27.2. clock

        頥 ⢮ ⠪⮢    ணࠬ
        clock_t clock();

                                      - 99 -
        頥 ६,  襤襥  砫 ᯮ ணࠬ,  -
    ७  ⠪.   ८ࠧ  ᥪ㭤,  室 祭
    祭 ࠧ  CLK_TCK.
        . ⠪ time

                                 27.3. ctime

        ८ࠧ   ६  ப ᨬ
        char *ctime(const time_t *time);
        頥 㪠⥫  ப ᨬ,  ᮤঠ   ६.
     ப ᪠  ९뢠   맮.
        . ⠪ asctime,  difftime,  gmtime,  localtime,  time, settime,
    tzset

                                27.4. difftime

         ࠧ   ६
        double difftime(time_t time2, time_t time1);
        頥 ६ ( ᥪ㭤), 襤襥  time1  time2
        . ⠪ ctime, asctime, gmtime, localtime, time

                                 27.5. gmtime

        ८ࠧ   ६  ਭ᪨
        struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timer);
        頥 㪠⥫      童  ६.   
     ᪠  ९뢠   饭  gmtime.
        . ⠪ ctime

                               27.6. localtime

        ८ࠧ   ६   tm
        struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timer);
        頥 㪠⥫      童  ६.   
     ᪠  ९뢠   饭  gmtime.
        . ⠪ ctime


                                      - 100 -
                                 27.7. stime

        ⠭ ६
        int stime(time_t *tp);
        頥 0

                                  27.8. time

         ६ ⮪
        time_t time(time_t *timer);
         ⥪饥 ६  ᥪ㭤, 襤襥  00:00:00, 1  1970
    .  ਭ,  ࠭   , 㪠뢠 timer. 頥
      祭.
        . ⠪ struct time, settime

                                 27.9. tzset

        ᯥ稢 ᮢ⨬  ६ UNIX
        void tzset(void);
        tzset ⠥ ᪠ ப 㦥  TZ=...,   -
    ।  ६
        . ⠪ ctime

                                  28. TYPES

        । ६ ⨯ time_t
        . "⠭ ⨯  TURBO-C" .1.15.

                                  29. VALUES

        । ⠭, ᮢ⨬  ⥬ UNIX, 騥 ࠭-
      ᥫ ⨯ float  double:

            BITSPERBYTE             FMAXEXP             MAXFLOAT
            _DEXPLEN                FMAXPOWTWO          MAXINT
            DMAXEXP                 FMINEXP             MAXLONG
            DMAXPOWTWO              FSIGNIF             MAXSHORT

                                      - 101 -
            DMINEXP                 HIBITI              MINDOUBLE
            DSIGNIF                 HIBITL              MINFLOAT
            _EXPBASE                HIBITS
            _FEXPLEN                MAXDOUBLE

                              29.1. BITSPERBYTE

        ⢮   

                          29.2. _DEXPLEN...MINFLOAT

        ࠭ 祭   ᥫ float  double -  ⠭-
    , ᮢ⨬  ⥬ UNIX V

        _LENBASE - ᭮ ⥫ ⥯

                       ࠭  ᥫ double float:

        _DEXPLEN  - ⢮   ᯮ
        DMAXEXP   - ᨬ쭮 祭 ᯮ
        DMAXPOWTWO- ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ⥯ 
        DMINEXP   - 쭮 祭 ᯮ
        DSIGNIF   - ⢮  
        MAXDOUBLE - ᨬ쭠 稭 ᫠ double
        MINDOUBLE - 襥 祭 ⨯ double

                           ࠭  ᥫ float:

        _FEXPLEN  - ⢮   ᯮ
        FMAXEXP   - ᨬ쭮 祭 ᯮ
        FMAXPOWTWO- ᨬ쭠 ⥯ 
        FMINEXP   - 쭮 祭 ᯮ
        FSIGNIF   - ⢮  
        MAXFLOAT  - ᨬ쭠 稭 ⨯ float
        MINFLOAT  - 쭠 稭 ⨯ float

                         29.3. HIBITS, HIBITI, HIBITL

                                      - 102 -

         ᪨  襣 ()  ⠭ 楫 -
    ᥫ
        HIBITS    ⨯ short
        HIBITI    ⨯ int
        HIBITL    ⨯ long

                       29.4. MAXSHORT, MAXINT, MAXLONG

        ᨬ 祭 楫 ⨯
        MAXSHORT   ᨬ쭮 ⨯ short
        MAXINT     ᨬ쭮 ⨯ int
        MAXLONG    ᨬ쭮 ⨯ long

                             * * * * *

