

                            D


                           
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

            ࡮  ஬  ᨩ த饣 -
         ᮤন  ⥫ ।⢠.    ᥬ
      ⮭ ⨫.   ᯮ짮      訬
     䠩 ࡮ ,  ⠪  㣨 訬 ﬨ.

          ⨬  襩 ⥯ 묨 ﬨ  ࡮  -
     :

          -      (९ ࡮ );
          -     ( ⨫ TOUCH; ⮭ ணࠬ  -
                     ࠢ);
          - TLINK   (騪);
          - TLIB    (⥪);
          - GREP    (⨫ ᪠  䠩);
          - BGIOBJ  (⨫ ८ࠧ  ᪨  ࠩ஢
                      ⮢);
          - OBJXREF (⨫ ஢ન ⠡ ४ 뫮  -
                      㫥).

            ਫ ,  ।⠢ ᮡ -
       ⨫,      ਬ ணࠬ  
     ப,   ᯮ짮.



               CPP: ⨫ ९ ࡮ 
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

          ९ CPP ந 室 䠩  室 ண-
     ࠬ,  ஬  砥 䠩  ம। -
        ७ﬨ.  C    㦭    ଠ쭮  樨
     -ணࠬ.

          ,     ᮮ頥   訡  
       砥 䠩,      ଠ樨  
     த  訡, ᫨ 㢨 ७  砥 䠩-
     .     室    ᯥ樠  室
     ।祭  ஢ ⮩ ࠡ  १ ⮣ -
        ஠஢.

          ᪮ ࡮  ᯮ ⥣஢  室
     ,    㭪樮쭮  ᮮ⢥  ࢮ 室 
     㣨 . ஬ ⮣,   ᯮ짮    
     ய९.

             ᯮ짮   ᨬ 
     .  ⠥   ᠬ 䠩 TURBOC.CFG  ⠭  権
      㬮砭  ᪠   樨  ப,   .

          樨 ,    ⭮騥   ,   .
      ᬮ ᯨ᪠ 㬥⮢, ࠡ뢠 , 

            cpp

       DOS.

             ᪫祭,  䠩, ᫥  -
      ப , ࠪ    , 祬  ࠧ蠥
     ᯮ짮  ᨬ (*  ?). ᪫祭  , 
      䠩 ࠪ,    室  -䠩.    ᯥ樠쭮
     ࠪ⮢  .OBJ, .LIB  .ASM - 䠩.

             䠩,  ࠡ뢠  , 室 (१)
     ⮬᪨ 뢠  䠩 ⥪饣 ⠫ (  ⠫-
     ,  । 樥 -n)  ⥬  ,   室, 
      ७ .I.

           䠩 室  ⥪⮢ 䠩, ᮤঠ騬 -
      室 䠩   砥 䠩.      㤠
       ப  ९ ४⨢.  ᫮ ப ⥪
     ⠪ ᪫  樨. ᫨   ᯮ  -
     ⥫ 権  ப,  ப ⥪ ।
      䠩   ப 室  砥 䠩,  -
     ᨬ  ⮣, 㤠 .    ७ﬨ.

           ⠪ ࠡ C      ⪮஢,
     ᪮  䠩   ப 䨪᭮ 祭  -
      ப.



                 ய९
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

           -  ।뢠  稭  ப  -
     室 䠩  ஬ ப.  ᫨   --,    
     ᪠    ଠ. ᫨  ० 몫祭,   
     ᯮ짮   ९;  ⮬ 砥 १-
     騩 .I-䠩   ⪮஢   .


               ਬ
               ------

            ணࠬ  뢠,   ࠡ뢠-
      䠩 ᭠砫  -,  ⥬  --.

     室 䠩:  HELLOJOE.C

          /* ਬ, 騩 室  */
          #define N "Joe Smith"
          #define BEGIN {
          #define END   }

          main ()
          BEGIN
              printf ("%s\n", NAME);
          END


       맮   ⢥ ९:

          cpp hellojoe.c

     뢮:

          hellojoe.c 2:
          hellojoe.c 3:
          hellojoe.c 4:
          hellojoe.c 6: main ( )
          hellojoe.c 7: {
          hellojoe.c 8:     printf ("%s\n","Joe Smith");
          hellojoe.c 9: }


       맮   ⢥ ய९:

          cpp -P- hellojoe.c

     뢮:

          main ( )
          {
              printf ("%s\n","Joe Smith");
          }



               ⮭ ⨫ MAKE
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

          ⨫ ࡮    MAKE  ⥫㠫쭮 ணࠬ
     ࠢ,  - ⥬  ᮮ⢥ 権  -
     믮  ࠡ, 室  ঠ 襩 ணࠬ
       㠫쭮  ﭨ.   ᪠ MAKE,  믮
       ᫥騥 .

     - ⠥ ᯥ樠  䠩  MAKEFILE,  ᮧ  .  䠩
       㪠뢠,  ꥪ     䠩    
       ᪮  ନ஢ 襣 믮塞 (.EXE) 䠩,
          室 䠩  䠨-   ᪮-
       ஢  祭   .OBJ-䠩.

     - ஢ ६   ᮧ  ꥪ 䠩,   ⠪
       䠩,          (..   
       祭). ᫨   室 䠩 "" ꥪ⭮, 
       MAKE  뢮,   䠩   ஢    ⮬
        祭 ࠢ쭮 ꥪ⭮ 䠩 㦭  -
       .

     - 뢠 TCC  ୮ 樨  䠩.

     - ᫥ ⮣,    ஢७   .OBJ-䠩, ⠪  ஢
       .EXE-䠩, 㦥 ⭮⥫쭮 ꥪ.

     - ᫨       .OBJ-䠩    祭  ,  祬
       .EXE-䠩,  MAKE 뢠 騪 TLINK  ୮ ᮧ-
        믮塞 䠩.

           ⢨⥫쭮    ࠧ    ⮣,
     ਬ:  ᮧ १ࢭ ,  䠩  ࠧ
     ⠫   ⮬᪨ ᪠ ணࠬ, ᫨ 䠩
     ,   ᯮ, 뫨 .     -
     襣  ᯮ짮   㦨  ࠧ ᯮᮡ, 
       ᬮ ࠢ ࠧࠡ⪮ ᢮ ணࠬ.

           -    ⮭  ⨫;  ⫨砥  Project-
     Ma,    ⥣஢ ।.

           ⮬ ࠧ 뢠,  ᯮ짮 ⮭ -
       ᮢ⭮    TLINK.



               让 ਬ
               ----------------

           樨   筥  ਬ. ।-
     ,   ᮧ  ணࠬ  뤠 ଠ樨  
        ⥬.     ணࠬ - GETSTARS,
      ⠥ ⥪⮢ 䠩, ᮤঠ騩 祭   -
     ⥬,  ந   ࠡ  ⥬ ᮧ 
     䠩  १㥬 ଠ樥.

          GETSTARS ᯮ     ᠭ,   ࠧ饭   
     STARDEFS.H,    ணࠬ, ࠧ饭  STARLIB.C (
       STARLIB.H). ஬ ⮣,  ᠬ  ணࠬ  GETSTARS
     ࠧ   䠩:

         GSPARSE.C
         GSCOMP.C
         GETSTARS.C

            䠩 - GSPARSE  GSCOMP -   ᮮ⢥騥
     砥 䠩 (GSPARSE.H  GSCOMP.H). ⨩ 䠩 - GETSTARS.C
     -      ⥫ ணࠬ.    䠩 ⮫쪮
     SCOMP.C  GETSTARS.C ᯮ ணࠬ  STARLIB.

            짮⥫᪨ 砥 䠩 (⫨-
       砥 䠩 ࡮ ,     ⠭-
      ⥪ ணࠬ), 室  .-䠩:

          .-䠩        짮⥫᪨ 砥 䠩

         STARLIB.C       
         GSPARSE.C       STARDEFS.H
         GSCOMP.C        STARDEFS.H, STARLIB.H
         GETSTARS.C      STARDEFS.H, STARLIB.H, GSPARSE.H, GSCOMP.H

           ᮧ  GETSTARS.EXE  (।  ।  
     )  室  ᫥騥  ப:

          tcc -c -mm -f starlib
          tcc -c -mm -f gsparse
          tcc -c -mm -f gscomp
          tcc -c -mm -f getstars
     tlink lib\c0m starlib gsparse gscomp getstars, getstars,getstars,
         lib\emu lib\mathm lib\cm

          砭. DOS ॡ, ⮡   ப  TLINK  -
       頫   ப ࠭;  뢠  
        ப  - ⮣,    ࠭  筮
     ப  .

             ਢ  ଠ,    㦨
      ᨬ:

          - GSPARSE, GSCOMP  GETSTARS    STARDEFS.H; -
       ᫮,  ᫨       STARDEFS.H, 
      ਤ ४஢   䠩.

         - 筮,     STARLIB.H ॡ ४-
     樨 GSCOMP  GETSTARS.

         -     GSPARSE.H ,   GETSTARS  
     ४஢;   ᠬ ⭮  GSCOMP.H.

          - 筮,      室  䠩   (STARLIB.C,
     GSPARSE.C   ..) ,   䠩   ४-
     ஢.

         - , ᫨ 믮  ४,  
       믮 .

          襭  ᫥  ,  ⠪ ?  -
     , ᫨  STARLIB.H, ४஢ GETSTARS.C,  
       ४஢ GSCOMP.C?    ᮧ .-䠩
      믮  権   , ਢ
     ,   ਤ 믮   ࠧ,  ᤥ  -
     .  ᬮਬ,     .



                 m-䠩
               --------------------

          Make-䠩  樥   ᯨ᪮:  -
     ᨬ⥩  , ॡ㥬   믮.

           ⢥  ਬ  ᮧ make-䠩  ணࠬ
     GETSTARS.  㤥 룫拉 ⠪.

          ਬ, 쬥  ᯨ᪨,  ᪮㥬 ,  ᫥
     ८ࠧ㥬  稬 ᫥饥:

     getstars.exe: gestars.obj gscomp.obj gsparse.obj starlib.obj
        tlink lib\c0m starlib gsparse gscomp getstars, getstars, \
               getstars, lib\emu lib\mathm lib\cm

     getstars.obj: getstars.c stardefs.h starlib.h gscomp.h gsparse.h
        tcc -c -mm -f getstars.c

     gscomp.obj: gscomp.c stardefs.h starlib.h
        tcc -c -mm -f gscomp.c

     gsparse.obj: gsparse.c stardefs.h
        tcc -c -mm -f gsparse.c

     starlib.obj: starlib.c
        tcc -c -mm -f starlib.c


           ᫥⥫쭮    ,   㦥 뫮 ᪠
     ,   ᪮쪮   ⭮ 浪.   -
       䠩 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

     -  GETSTARS.EXE        䠩:  GETSTARS.OBJ,
       GSCOMP.OBJ, GSPARSE.OBJ  STARLIB.OBJ. ᫨     -
       ,    GETSTARS.EXE   ४. ? ⥬
       ᯮ짮 㪠   TLINK.

     -  GETSTARS.OBJ            䠩:   GETSTARS.C,
       STARDEFS.H, STARLIB.H, GSCOMP.H  GSPARSE.H. ᫨   
       䠩 ,  GETSTARS.OBJ   ४஢
       ᯮ짮 㪠  .

     -  GSCOMP.OBJ    䠩 - GSCOMP.C,STARDEFS.H  
       STARLIB.H,  -   ᫨    , GSP.C 
        ४஢  ᯮ짮  TCC.

     -  GSPARSE.OBJ         䠩  -  GSPARSE.OBJ  
       STARDEFS.H, - ,  ,   ४஢    -
         , ᫨    䠩 .

     -  STARLIB.OBJ  ⮫쪮   䠩 - STARLIB.C - 
           ४஢      , ᫨ 
       STARLIB.C.

              ⨬  ?       䠩,  (
     ⮣ )   㤥 뢠 MAKEFILE. ᫥ ⮣  ⮢
     ᯮ짮 MAKE.EXE.

          砭.  ⮬ ਬ  த஢ ⠪  -
     ⢮  ࠢ       ⠪ 浪, ⮡  
     楯 ᨬ⥩   ᮧ  make-䠩.    設⢥
     砥     ॡ  ⠪  ଠ樨  ண-
     ࠬ. ᯮ짮 ࠧ㬥  ࠢ    ⮧ᨬ⥩
      ⥫쭮 ᮪ ࠡ  ᮧ make-䠩. ⠩-
      ᫥騩 ࠧ.



               ᯮ짮 m-䠩
               ------------------------

          ।,    ᮧ make-䠩 MAKEFILE,  ᠭ
     , , 筮, ।,   ࠧ  室
      砥 䠩 - ⮣ ,   㦭 ᤥ -  -
      :

          make

          ,  ࠢ ? MAKE ᬠਢ MAKEFILE ( 
       - ;  ਬ  ⮬ )  -
       ப, 뢠 ᨬ GETSTARS.EXE. MAKE -
     ,   GETSTARS.EXE,  ᪮쪮  .

           ॡ, ⮡  믮 ⠪  ஢ન  
     䠩,             GETSTARS.EXE:   GETSTARS.OBJ,
     GSCOMP.OBJ, GSPARSE.OBJ u STARLIB.OBJ.   ,  ᢮ -
     ।,   㣨 䠩,  ⠪    ஢-
     ७.  ந ࠧ 맮 , ᫨  室 
      .OBJ 䠩;   蠥  믮  
     TLINK   (᫨      室)      ᮧ    ᨨ
     GETSTARS.EXE.

          , ᫨  GETSTARS.EXE     .OBJ-䠩 㦥 ? 
     ⮬ 砥  ࠢ ६     ᫥  䨪樨
       .OBJ-䠩    ६   ⠬ ᮧ 䠩, 
     ⠢. ᫨   ⠢ 䠩   "",
     祬  .OBJ-䠩,    ⠥,    뫮 ᤥ ᫥
     ᫥ ᮧ .OBJ-䠩,  믮  .

          ᫨ MAKE  ந      .OBJ-䠩,  
     ࠢ ६   ᮧ GETSTARS.EXE  ६  -
       ᮧ  㡥,   믮    TLINK
      ᮧ  ᨨ GETSTARS.EXE.



               蠣 ᬮ७
               ----------------------

          ᬮਬ  蠣 ।饥 ᠭ  ᭥ ਬ-
     .  ।,   GETSTARS.EXE   .OBJ-䠩, 
      GETSTARS.EXE    .OBJ-䠩, ,  ᢮ ।,
      .OBJ-䠩  ,    . ᫨  ⥯
       

          make

           祣  ந, .. 祣    .

           ⨬,         ஢   STARLIB.C   
     STARLIB.H, , ᪠, 祭 ⠭.    
     

          make

      㦨,  STARLIB.C "", 祬 STARLIB.OBJ,  -
     ⮬  ᪠ 

          tcc -c -mm -f starlib.c

          ⥬  ,  STARLIB.H "", 祬  GSCOMP.OBJ,
     ⮬  ᪠ 

          tcc -c -mm -f gscomp.c

          STARLIB.H ⠪ ,  祬 GETSTARS.OBJ, ⮬ ᫥饩
      

          tcc -c -mm -f getstars.c

          , -    䠩 STARLIB.OBJ,GSCOMP.OBJ
      GETSTARS.OBJ  ce "", 祬 GETSTARS.EXE, ⮬ ᫥
     , ᪠ , 

          tlink lib\c0m starlib gsparse gscomp getstars, getstars,
                     getstars, lib\emu lib\mathm lib\cm

               ணࠬ    ᮧ    
     GETSTARS.EXE. (,    TLINK  ᠬ  -
        ப).

             娥 ।⠢   ᭮  :  
     祣  ,   ᮧ make-䠩,     
     䠩.  ⥯ ᬮਬ   ⠫쭮.



                make-䠩
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

          Make-䠩 ᮤন ।  ⭮襭, 室  
           প  ணࠬ ( ணࠬ)  㠫쭮
     ﭨ.   ᮧ ᪮쪮 㣮 make-䠩  
       ᢮ ᬮ७; FILE -  ᥣ  ,  -
       頥, ᫨  ᪥   make-䠩  -
     .

          Make-䠩 ᮧ  ⥪⮢ ।஬ ASCII, ⠪,
       ஥ ࠪ⨢ । ࡮ .  ࠢ, -
     ।  ४⨢ 稢 殬  ப;  ᫨  ப
     ᫨誮   (⠪,   TLINK  ।饬 ਬ),
        த   ᫥ ப, ⨢ 
     ᫥ (\)  ⢥ ᫥ ᨬ ப.

          ஬⪨ - ஡  ᨬ ⠡樨 - ᯮ  
     ࠧ  ᥤ  䨪஢  (⠪,  ᨬ) 
      㯠   ࠢ.



                make-䠩
               ---------------------

           make-䠩  -     ,  ᠭ ண-
     ࠬ  ।ﬨ,     ४⨢.    ਢ
     ᯨ᮪ ⨬  make-䠩 権:

          * ਨ
          *  ࠢ
          *  ࠢ
          * ம।
          * ४⨢: 祭 䠩, ᫮ 믮, 䨪
            訡, 몫祭 ம।.

          ᬮਬ     ஡.



               ਨ
               -----------

          ਨ 稭  ᨬ  (#); ⮪  ப,
     ᫥騩  #,  . ਨ   -
        ப   稭  ந쭮 樨.

           ᫥  (\)    த  ਩  ᫥
     ப;  ⮣ 室 ᯮ짮 #     ப.
     ᪨        ᯮ짮  ᫥  ⢥
     ᨬ த ப, ᫨    ਨ.  ᫨
      । #,     ᫥ ᨬ ப,
     ᫨    室 ᫥ #,   㦥 ⠭  -
        ᢮ ࠢ騩 .

          ਢ  ਬ ਥ  make-䠩:

      # make-䠩  GETSTARS.EXE
      # 믮  প ஥
      getstars.exe: getstars.obj gscomp.obj gsparse.obj starlib.obj
      #  ⠢ ਩   ᫥饩 ப
      tlink lib\cOm starlib gsparse gscomp getstars, getstars, \
                getstars, lib\emu lib\mathm lib\cm
      # ࠢ ਩
      #   ਩  ᫥騬  ப
      getstars.obj: getstars.c stardefs.h starlib.h gscomp.h gspsrse.h
      tcc -c -mm -f getstars.c  #  



                ࠢ
               -------------

           㦥   묨 ࠢ,  ⠪    ᯮ짮-
       ਢ  ਬ.  ࠢ  :

            楫 [楫 ...]: [室 室 ... ]
               [  ]
               [  ]
               ...

           楫 -  塞 䠩, 室 - 䠩,  -
     ண  楫,   -     ⨬  
     DOS ( 맮 .-䠩  믮 .  .-䠩).

           ࠢ    ᪮쪮 楫 , -
     ⢨   ᯨ᮪ 室 䠩  易⥫ ᯨ᮪ ,
      믮.  楫  室  䠩,  ਢ-
         ࠢ,  ᮤঠ  㪠⥫ ᪠
     DOS  ᯥ䨪樨 ⠫,    ᮤঠ ᨬ (*
      ?).

            砥 ᨭ⠪  讥 祭.  -
        砫 ப ( ࢮ 樨),  室 䠩()
      ।⢮  ࠩ   ஡  ᨬ  -
     樨  ᫥ .     ᤢ (
      ।⢮  ࠩ   ஡  ⠡).
      ⬥祭 ,  ᫥ (\)  ᯮ짮    -
     ⢥  ᨬ  த, ᫨ ᯨ᮪ 室 䠩  -
       ᫨誮   ࠧ饭   ப.  -
     ,   室 䠩, ⠪    易⥫-
     ;    ࠢ, 饥 ⮫쪮  楫  [楫
     ... ], 饩 稥.

          , 祭    ࠢ, ⮨   ⮬,
       ᫥     ᮧ   楫
     䠩, 筮  ᯮ짮 室 䠩.  MAKE -
       ࠢ,  ᭠砫 ஢,    室-
      䠩 楫묨 -  m-䠩. ᫨  ⠪,   ᮮ-
     騥 ࠢ ࠡ뢠 ࠭.

             䠩-筨 ᮧ    ᭮
       㣨  ( ) ࠢ, MAKE  ஢,  -
       楫. ᫨ ,  뢠    -
       浪.  ᫨ 楫 ,  ६    ᫥
     䨪樨 ࠢ  묨 ࠪ⨪  
     筨. ᫨    筨  , 祬 楫,
      믮 ᯨ᮪ .

             䠩      ᫥    ࠢ
     ⮫쪮   祭  믮 MAKE.

            ப   ࠢ 稭  ஡
      ᨬ ⠡樨. MAKE ਭ  ப, ᫥騥 
       ࠢ,      ᯨ᪠   ⮣ ࠢ, 
     ப, 稭饩  ࢮ 樨,    䠩. 
     ப .


               樠 ᮣ襭
               ----------------------
           ࠢ   ப ࠪ ᪮쪮  -
     , 祬  ࠢ  묨 ப.

          - ᫨    ࠢ  ⠢  楫  ,  
        ⮫쪮  䠩,     楫.

          - ᫨  ࠢ   ,  楫 䠩  -
         䠩,  ⨬ ࠢ,  ⠪   䠩,
      ᮮ⢥   ࠢ    楫  (楫)
     䠩.

           ࠢ 㦤  ᫥饬 ࠧ.

               ਬ
               -------
           ਢ ਬ  ࠢ:

             myprog.obj: myprog.c
                  tcc -c myprog.c

             prog2.obj: prog2.c include\stdio.h
                  tcc -c -K prog2.c

             prog.exe: myprog.c prog2.c include\stdio.h
                  tcc -c myprog.c
                  tcc -c -K prog2.c
                  tlink lib\cOs myprog prog2, prog, , lib\cs

      - ࢮ   ࠢ ⠭,  MYPROG.OBJ  
        MYPROG.C   MYPROG.OBJ ᮧ 믮  
        TCC.

      - 筮, ஥ ࠢ ⠭,  PROG2.OBJ  -
            PROG2.C  STDIO.H ( ⠫ INCLUDE)  ᮧ
          .

      - ᫥ ࠢ  ⠭,    PROG.EXE     
        MYPROG.C,  PROG2.C    STDIO.H   , ᫨    
        䠩 ,  PROG.EXE   ᮧ  ᫥-
        ⥫쭮  .     맢 
        ࠡ, ᪮ ᫨  MYPROG.C,   PROG2.C  ⠪
        㤥  ४஢.  ந室  裡  ⥬,  
        ⢨ 楫 䠩  ࠢ, 믮    
        ࠢ.

      - ᫨   ࠢ

          prog.exe: myprog.obj prog2.obj
                 tlink lib\cOs myprog prog2, prog, , lib\cs

         ⢥  ࢮ ࠢ  make-䠩e  ᮯ஢  -
        묨 ࠢ ( MYPROG.OBJ  PROG2.OBJ),   ४-
        ஢ 室 ⮫쪮  䠩.

           ᯮ짮    ࠢ        ᢮
     MAKEFILE    ࠧ,     ᪫砥   
     砥 䠩  襬 室 䠩 (ணࠬ    -
     ᥬ).  믮 ⮩ ࠡ MAKE  뢠  TC,  TCC  
     ASM.    ப MAKE -a ४砥 ஢ ⮧-
     ᨬ.

          TCC, TC  ASM 뢠 ଠ 砥 䠩  ᮧ-
       ꥪ 䠩.  MAKE ந ஢  -
     ⮧ᨬ,    뢠  ६   ᮧ .OBJ-䠩;
     ⥬   ᢥ  묨 묨   砥
     䠩, ᯮ  ஥  .OBJ-䠩.

          ।,  ᫥騩 MAKEFILE:

           .c.obj:
              tcc -c $*

           ।,    ᫥騩  室 䠩 foo.c 
     ⪮஢ TCC (ᨨ 2.0  ).

           #include <stdio.h>
           #include "dcl.h"

           void foo() {}

           ᫨ ⥯ 맢 MAKE   

           make -a foo.obj

            ஢ ६   ᮧ foo.c,  ⠪ stdio.h 
     dcl.h.



                ࠢ
               ---------------

          MAKE   ⠪  ।    ࠢ. 
     ࠢ  饭  ࠢ.   ⨬  -
     ?

           ਬ,   ᮮ⭮襭   -
       ࠢ.  ᬮਬ    ࠢ   ।饣 ਬ
     ணࠬ:

          starlib.obj: starlib.c
             tcc-c-mm-f starlib.c

           ࠢ  騬,  ᪮    ᫥  饬
     ਭ樯:  .OBJ-䠩   .-䠩  ⥬    ᮧ-
      믮 . ᪨,     make-䠩,  
     ஬    ᪮쪮  (   ᪮쪮 ⪮) 
     ࠢ,   ଠ.

            ८।  ࠢ    
     ஢   ࠢ ⠪ .  ࠢ -
       룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

          .c.obj:
               tcc -c -mm -f $<

           ࠢ 砥,  " 䠩  ७ .OBJ -
       䠩  ⥬  ,   ७ .,   .OBJ-䠩
     ᮧ  tcc-c-mm-f $<,  $< ।⠢  䠩 
     ७ .". ( $<  ᯥ樠 ம।-
       㦤  ᫥饬 ࠧ).

           ᨭ⠪  ࠢ:

            .室_७.楫_७:
                  {  }
                  {  }
                  ...

          ,   ࠭,   易⥫묨  
      ᤢ  ࢮ 樨.

          室_७ (஥  稭  窨 (.) 
     ࢮ 樨)  ७ 室 䠩; ⠪ -
     ,  ⭮   䠩  ଠ

          _䠩.室_७

          筮, 楫_७ 뫠  䠩:

          _䠩.楫_७

      _䠩       䠩. 㣨 ᫮, -
      ࠢ    ࠢ, 騥 ଠ:

          _䠩.楫_७: _䠩.室_७
                  {  }
                  {  }
                  ...

        䠩.

           ࠢ ᯮ, ᫨   楫  
        ࠢ  ᫨   楫    
     ࠢ  .

           ७   䠩 ᯮ  ।-
      ⮣,   ࠢ ਬ.  ࠢ ਬ-
     , ᫨  䠩  ⥬  ,     楫,    
     㯮 ७.

          ਬ, ।,   make-䠩 ( MAKEFILE)
     ᮤন

          ..obj:
             tcc -c -ms -f $<

          ᫨    -ணࠬ   RATIO.C,   -
       ⪮஢   RATIO.OBJ,    ᯮ짮 -
     

          make ratio.obj

          MAKE ਬ  䠩 RATIO.OBJ  ⢥ 楫.   
      ࠢ  ᮧ RATIO.OBJ,  MAKE  ਬ  
     ࠢ  ᣥ 

          tcc -c -ms -f ratio.c

     , 筮, 믮 蠣 樨  ᮧ RATIO.OBJ.

           ࠢ ⠪ ᯮ, ᫨  ࠢ -
       . ।,  ⬥祭 ,     -
      ࠢ  砫 make-䠩:

          .c.obj
              tcc -c -mm -f $<

           ⮬ 砥   ९ ᪮쪮 ᫥ 
     ࠢ  ᫥饬 :

          getstars.obj: stardefs.h starlib.h gscomp.h gsparse.h
          gscomp.obj: stardefs.h starlib.h
          gsparse.obj: stardefs.h

          ᪮      ଠ樨  ⮬,   ᮧ-
       .obj-䠩, MAKE ਬ  ࠢ, ।-
       ࠭.  ⠪  STARLIB.OBJ  ⮫쪮  STARLIB.C, 
      ࠢ ய饭  ᯨ᪥  - MAKE ਬ  ⮬-
     ᪨.

          ᫨  ᯮ ஢ ⮧ᨬ  MAKE,   -
       ७   ࠢ,   .OBJ-䠩  ⢥
     楫,  ।饣 ਬ.  ᯮ짮  ⮧ᨬ-
     ⥩   ࠢ  MAKEFILE 㤥 ⥯ 룫拉 ⠪:

          .c.obj
              tcc -c -mm -f $<

         getstars.exe: getstars.obj gscomp.obj gsparse.obj starlib.obj

         tlink lib\cOm starlib gsparse gscomp getstars, getstars, \
                getstars, lib\emu lib\mathm lib\cm

             ⮣  楫 ७   ᠭ
     ᪮쪮  ࠢ,  ⮫쪮  ⠪ ࠢ  
     ਬ    ࠧ. ᫨   楫 ७ -
         ࠢ,  ࠢ ஢  
     浪   make-䠩,   㤥  ᮯ⠢-
         ࠢ   ஢७.

          MAKE ਬ  ࢮ    ࠢ, ஥ ।
     䠩  室 ७.  ᫨  ⮣ ࠢ  -
       㤠筮,  㣨  ࠢ  ஢-
     .

           ப, ᫥騥    ࠢ,  ᬠਢ
       ᯨ᪠  ࠢ   ᫥饩 ப, -
     饩   ஬⪠,    䠩. ப ஡ -
     .  ⠪  ப ᬠਢ   ࠧ-
      "ᯮ짮 MAKE".


               樠 ᮣ襭
               ----------------------
           ⫨稥   ࠢ, MAKE     䠩  
      ࠢ.  ⮣ ।ᬮ७ ᯥ樠 ம।-
       MAKE,     䠩, ஥-
         ࠢ. (. 㦤 ம।   ࠧ
      ᭥ ⠫).


               ਬ
               -------
            ਬ  ࠢ:

          .c.obj:
                tcc -c ${

          .asm.obj:
                masm $* /mx;

           ࢮ ਬ 楫묨 䠩  .BJ-䠩,   
     室묨 䠩  .-䠩.   ⮬ ਬ ⮫쪮  
      ப  ᯨ᪥; ᨭ⠪  ப ।⠢
       ⮬ ࠧ.

          ன ਬ ।뢠 MAKE ᥬ஢ 䠩    -
     室 .ASM-䠩, ᯮ TASM  樥 /m.



               ᪨ 
               -------------

            ,  ⠪    ࠢ,   ⠪
     ,      ᯨ᪨ .  ਬ  
            .

            ᯨ᪥    ᤢ, ..   ।-
         ࠩ      ஡  ᨬ ⠡樨, 
      

          [ 䨪 ... ] ⥫_

            ப  ᯨ᪥  ⮨  (易-
     ⥫쭮) ᯨ᪠  䨪ᮢ,  ᫥ ண   ⥫ -
     .


               䨪
               -------
          䨪 ࠧ     ࠡ⪨  ⮩
       ⨫⮩ MAKE. 䨪 -   ᨬ (@),  
     (-), ᮯ஢ ᫮.

       @    ।뢠 MAKE  뤠 ⥪  ।    -
            .    뤠    ᫨  -s 
               ப    MAKE.    䨪
            ᯮ࠭  ⮫쪮  ,  ன  -
            .

       -num 뢠 MAKE  ࠪ⮢   .  ᫨  ᫮
            num  ,   MAKE 뢠 ࠡ, ⮫쪮 ᫨ 
             ॢ蠥  ᫮.    ਬ  MAKE
            ࢥ ࠡ, ⮫쪮 ᫨    4:

                - 4 myprog sample.x

            ᫨   䨪 -num  , MAKE ஢ 
             . ᫨  㫥,  MAKE ⠭-
              㤠 ⥪騩 楫 䠩.

       -         ᫠  㪠뢠 MAKE  ஢ 
             . ᨬ    , MAKE
            㤥 த ࠡ.


                
               ------------
            ࠪ 筮 ⠪ ࠧ,  ᫨  
     뫠   ⢥ ப  COMMAND.COM,  ⥬ ᪫祭-
     ,  ७祭    ন.

          MAKE 믮 ᫥騥 ஥  ⥬ 맮 -
      COMMAND.COM   믮:

          break    cd       chdir    cls      copy
          ctty     date     del      dir      echo
          erase    md       mkdir    path     prompt
          rem      ren      rename   set      time
          type     ver      verify   vol

               MAKE  , ᯮ  ᪠
     DOS:

      -  ᬠਢ ⥪騩 ⠫,  ⥬  ⠫
          ᪠.

      -   ⠫  ஢  ᭠砫  䠩    ७
        .COM, ⥬ . , , ..

      - ᫨  䠩 .,  뢠  COMMAND.COM  
        믮.

          , ᫨ ७    ப, MAKE 
     ⮫쪮 䠩  ⨬ ७.


               ਬ
               -------
            ⠢ COMMAND.COM 믮 :

          cd  c:\include

            㤥 ⢫    ਬ  
     ⬠ ᪠:

          tlink lib\c0s x y,z,z,lib\cs

            㤥 ᪠ ⮫쪮 ७ .:

          myprog.com geo.xyz

            㤥  믮    ᯮ짮  
     䠩:

          c:\myprogs\fil.exe -r



                     
               -------------

               ,  䠩  樨 ᯮ-
        make-䠩 ⭮.  ਬ  砫  ਫ-
         ᯮ짮 ४⥫ -mm,  -
     砥   ᯮ짮 ।  ; 
     TLINK ᯮ 䠩 0.OBJ, MATHM.LIB  CM.LIB.  ।,
         ४    ; 
     ?  ਤ ᬮ  make-䠩      
     樨  -mm   -ml,  ⠪ २ ᮮ⢥騥 䠩 
      TLINK.   ⮣  । c.

          c -  , ஥ ।⠢  ப ᨬ-
     .  ம।       ⥪ ७;
     ⥬,  MAKE 砥  ,      -
     ⢥騬 ⥪⮬.

          ।,   ।  ᫥騩      砫
     make-䠩:

                   MDL=m

           ।  MDL, ஬  ⭠  ப  m.
         ९ make-䠩 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

     MDL=m

     getstars.exe: getstars.obj gscomp.obj gsparse.obj starlib.obj
        tlink lib\c0$(MDL) starlib gsparse gscomp getstars, \
           getstars, getstars, lib\emu lib\math$(MDL) lib\c$(MDL)

     getstars.obj: gestars.c stardefs.h starlib.h gscomp.h gsparse.h
        tcc -c -m$(MDL) getstars.c

     gscomp.obj gscomp.c stardefs.h starlib.h
        tcc -c -m$(MDL) gscomp.c

     gsparse.obj: gsparse.c stardefs.h
        tcc -c -m$(MDL) gsparse.c

     starlib.obj: starlib.c
        tcc -c -m$(MDL) starlib.c

          ,   ,  ᯮ ⥯ 맮 -
      $(DL).  ᪥ MAKE $(MDL)    ⥪ - m.
     ⮬    ᠬ  ,   ࠭.

             먣ࠫ? .   ப 

           DL=l

        ,  ࠨ   ᯮ짮 让
      .  ᪨, ᫨ 㤠  ப , 
       ॡ㥬    ᪥ MAKE,  ᯮ
      -D (Define):

          make -DMDL=l

             ⠢  MAKE  ࠪ⮢  MDL   
     ⥪⮬ ७ l.


               । ᮢ
               --------------------
          ம।   ଥ:

          _=⥪_७

           _ -  䨪 : ப  㪢  
        ஡,  ஡ ᪠  _
       ࠢ⢠ (=). _७ -  ந쭠 -
     , ᮤঠ 㪢, , ஡   㭪樨;   -
     稢 殬 ப.

          ᫨ _ 㦥 뫮 । ࠭  make-䠩, 
      樥  -D    ப MAKE,    ।
     頥 ஥.

           㪢  祭  ᮢ, ..  ᮢ
     mdl, Mdl  MDL ࠧ.


               ᯮ짮 ᮢ
               ----------------------
           뢠  襬 make-䠩  ᫥饬 ଠ:

          $(_)

           ॡ      맮,  ᫨  
     ⮨   ᨬ ( ᪫祭   ᯥ樠  -
     ।  ᮢ,    ਬ ᪮쪮 ).
       -$(_)- ⭠  ஢맮.

           MAKE 㦨  ஢맮,        
     ⥪ ७. ᫨   ।, MAKE  
       ப.


               樠 ᮣ襭
               ----------------------
             :       맢  
      (_) ம।.      맢  
     ࠢ   (⥪_७),     ⥪⮬ 
      ,   㤥 맢  ।騩    .  㣨
     ᫮,    ஢맮  ,    ⥪
     ७  ⠪ .

            ࠢ: ஢맮  ப ࠢ 
     .

             ४⨢:  ஢맮  ४⨢ !if  !elif
      . ᫨ , 맢    ४⨢  !if
      !elif,  ।,    祭 0 (FALSE).

             :  ஢맮    
     믮 .


               ।। 
               ------------------------
          MAKE  ᪮쪮 ᯥ樠  ஥  ᮢ:  $d,
     $*, $<, $:, $.  $&.   । ⮢ -
     ᮬ,  ᯮ㥬    ᫮ ४⨢ !if  !elif; ⠫
      ᠬ  䠩, ᯮ㥬묨      
     ࠢ.  ஬ ⮣, ⥪騥 ப ⠭ । SET ⮬-
     ᪨ 㦠  ⢥ ᮢ,   _MAKE_  ।-
       1 ().


     **   । ⮢  ($d).

          । ⮢    $d  ⠭  1, ᫨
        ।,   0, ᫨ . ঠ -
     ७   祭.   ᯥ樠    ࠧ襭
      ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ४⨢ !if  !elif.

          ਬ, ।,   ⥫  ஢  ᢮
     make-䠩  ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ ᯮ짮 ।  -
     , ᫨     .  ⮬ 砥  ᫥
     㪠  砫 make-䠩:

          !if !$d(MDL)          # ᫨ MDL  ।
          MDL=m                 # ।  ࠢ m (MEDIUM)
          !endif

          ᫨  뢠 MAKE   ப 

          make -DMDL=l

           MDL  ࠢ l.  ᫨,  ,    맢
     MAKE:

          make

           MDL   ࠢ m, ।   ᯮ짮-
       㬮砭  .


     **      䠩

              䠩 ࠡ  ࠧ,
      묨 ਠﬨ   䠩 ᮧ 䠩-
     .

      *      䠩 ($*).
               䠩  ࠧ襭    
      ࠢ.   ($*)   䠩  -
     ७, ਬ:

           䠩 - :\P\TESTFILE.C
          $*   A:\P\TESTFILE

          ਬ,    ஢ 㦥   -
      GETSTARS.EXE  ᫥饬 :

          getstars.exe: getstars.obj gscomp.obj gsparse.obj starlib.obj
          tlink lib\c0$(MDL) starlib gsparse gscomp $*,$*,$*, \
                lib\emu lib\math$(MDL) lib\c$(MDL)

           믮  ⮣ ࠢ, c $* -
       楫 䠩 ( ७) - getstars.  
     ࠢ   祭 .

          ਬ,  ࠢ     룫拉 ᫥-
     騬 ࠧ (।,  c MDL   㤥 ।-
     ,     ᯮ ணࠬ ࠡ  饩 -
     ):

          ..obj:
             tcc -c -m$(MDL) $*

      *   c   䠩 ($<).
          c   䠩 ⠪ ᯮ   
        ࠢ.   ࠢ $<  
      楫 䠩 ( ७), ਬ:

           䠩 - A:\P\TESTFILE.C
          $<   A:\P\TESTFILE.C

          ਬ, ࠢ

          starlib.obj: starlib.c
             copy $< \oldobjs
             tcc -c $*

          㤥 ஢ STARLIB.OBJ  ⠫ \OLDOBJS । -
     樥 STARLIB.C.

             ࠢ  $<    䠩  
     室 ७. ਬ, ।饥  ࠢ

          .c.obj:
             tcc -c $*.c

       ९ᠭ, 

          .c.obj:
             tcc -c $<

      *   c  ᪠  䠩 ($:).
               ⮬  ᪠   ( 
     䠩), ਬ:

           䠩 - F:\P\TESTFILE.C
          $:   A:\P\

      *     䠩  ७ ($.).
               䠩   ७,    
      ᪠, ਬ:

           䠩 - A:\P\TESTFILE.C
          $.   TESTFILE.C

      *    ⮫쪮  䠩 ($&).
             ⮫쪮  䠩      
     ७, ਬ:

           䠩 - A:\P\TESTFILE.C
          $&   TESTFILE



               ४⨢
               ---------

          MAKE ࡮    , 祣    -
      ᨨ MAKE: ४⨢  ⨬  ᠬ  .  
       ᯮ짮  ४⨢  祭 㣨 make-䠩-
     ,  ᮧ ᫮ ࠢ  ,    ᮮ饭
      訡  "⬥" ᮢ.

          ४⨢  make-䠩 稭   ᪫⥫쭮  
     (!)   ࢮ 樨 ப,  ⫨稥  , ᯮ饣 ᨬ-
       (#).   ᯨ᮪ ४⨢ MAKE:

          !incude
          !if
          !else
          !elif
          !endif
          !error
          !undef


               ४⨢ 祭 䠩
               -------------------------

          ४⨢ 祭 䠩 (!include)  䠩, 騩
     祭  make-䠩  樨  窥   ४-
     .   ᫥ :

          !include " _䠩 "

           ४⨢    ந쭮  ⢮  ஢
     . ᫨ ४⨢ 祭 ⠥  䠩, -
      㦥  祭    ஬  譥  ஢  
     (⠪,  横  稭 ᭠砫), ७ ४-
     ⨢ 祭 㤥 ⢥࣭,  訡筠.

           ᯮ짮  ४⨢?  ।,   ᮧ
     䠩 MODEL.MAC,  ᮤন:

          !if $d(MDL)
          MDL=m
          !endif

           쭥襬    ᯮ짮  ᫮ ம-
        make-䠩,   ४⨢:

          !include "MODEL.MAC"

           MAKE 室 ४⨢ !include,   뢠 -
      䠩     ⠥  ᮤন ⠪,   ᫨    ᠬ
     make-䠩.


               ᫮ ४⨢
               ------------------

          ᫮ ४⨢ (!if,  !elif, !else,  !endif)  ண-
     ࠬ  ।⢠ ஥ make-䠩. ࠢ  -
        ᤥ ᫮묨 ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ ம।-
        ப MAKE (c ᯮ짮 樨 - D)  
       ᪫ ࠧ make-䠩.

          ଠ  ४⨢ ४  ९஬ :

                     !if  ࠦ
                     [ ப ]
                     !endif
                     !if  ࠦ
                     [ ப ]
                     !else
                     [ ப ]
                     !endif

                     !if  ࠦ
                     [ ப ]
                     !elif ࠦ
                     [ ப ]
                     !endif

          砭. [ ப ]  ᮤঠ     
     ᫥饣 ᯨ᪠:

                     ம।
                      ࠢ
                      ࠢ
                     ४⨢ include
                     㯯 if
                     ४⨢ 㦥 訡
                     ४⨢ ⬥ ம।

          ᫮ ४⨢  ࠧ  㯯,  ᮤঠ  ࠩ
      ४⨢ !if, 稭 㯯,  ४⨢ !endif, -
      㯯.

          -  ४⨢ !else    㯯.

          - ४⨢ !elif    ४⨢ !if   
            !else.

          - ࠢ,   㣨 ४⨢   
            ࠧ묨 ᫮묨 ४⨢   ⢥. -
            ⨬,    ࠢ       ࠧ-
              ᫮묨 ४⨢.

          - 㯯 ᫮ ४⨢    .

           ࠢ,       ४⨢   묨
       室 䠩.

           ४⨢ !if  ᮮ⢥⢮ ४⨢ !endif
      ⮣  室 䠩. ⮬ ᫥騩 砥 䠩
       ,  ᨬ  ⮣,  ᮤন  
     䠩,    , ..    ᮮ⢥-
     饩 ४⨢ !endif:

                     !if $(FILE_COUNT) > 5
                          ࠢ
                     !else
                         㣨 ࠢ
                     <  䠩 >


               ࠦ, ⨬  ᫮ ४⨢
               -------------------------------------------

          ࠦ, ⨬  ᫮ ४⨢ !if    !elif,
     ᯮ - ᨭ⠪. ࠦ 業  -
     ⮥ 32-⮢ 楫 ( ) ࠦ.

          ᫠        , 쬨 
     ⭠ ⠭. ਬ, ᫥騥 ⠭  -
      묨  ࠦ:

                     4536   # 筠 ⠭
                     0677   # 쬥筠 ⠭
                     0x23af # ⭠筠 ⠭

           ࠦ  ᯮ짮 ᫥騥  㭠  -
     樨:
                     -    ᬥ 
                     ~    ⮢ 
                     !    ᪮ ""

           ࠦ  ᯮ짮 ᫥騥   -
     樨:
                     +    ᫮
                     -    ⠭
                     *    㬭
                     /    
                     %    ⮪  
                     >>   ᤢ ࠢ
                     <<   ᤢ 
                     &    ⮢ ""
                     |    ⮢ ""
                     ^    ⮢ ᪫饥 ""
                     &&   ᪮ ""
                     ||   ᪮ ""
                     >    
                     <    
                     >=     ࠢ
                     <=     ࠢ
                     ==   ࠢ
                     !=    ࠢ

          ࠦ  ᮤঠ ᫥ ᫮ :

            ? :   ࠭ । (?) ࠪ  ᫮.

                  ᫨ 祭  ⮣ ࠭  ࠢ ,  -
                  ன ࠭ (  ?  : )   १-
                  ⮬.  ᫨  祭 ࢮ ࠭ ࠢ , 
                  祭 १ ࠢ 祭 쥣 ࠭
                  ( ᫥ :).

           㯯஢ ࠭  ࠦ    ᯮ짮
     ᪮.  砥 ⢨ ᪮   㯯-
       ᮮ⢥⢨  ⥬  ࠢ,    몥 .

             , 樨  ਮ 믮 ᫥-
      ࠢ,  ᪫祭 ᫮ 樨 (?:),  믮-
      ࠢ .

           ࠦ  뢠 ,  ⮬ ᫥ ᯥ樠-
       $d(). ᫥ ⮣,     ७-
     ,  ࠦ     ࠢ ᨭ⠪.  ᫮ 
     ⠪ ࠦ ࠪ  訡.


               ४⨢ 㦥 訡
               ----------------------------

          ४⨢ 㦥 訡 (!error) ⠢ MAKE  -
       ࠡ     ᪮ ᮮ饭, ᮤঠ饥
     ⥪, 㪠 ᫥ !error. ४⨢  ᫥騩 ଠ:

                    !error ந_⥪

           ४⨢  㤮     ᫮ ४⨢ 
     ᮧ । 짮⥫ ᫮  ४饭  ࠡ.
     ਬ,    ⠢ ᫥騩 ⥪ ।  
     ࠢ:

                     !if !$d(MDL)
                         # ᫨ MDL  ।
                         !error MDL  ।
                     !endif

          ᫨  ࠡ MAKE 멤   ࠣ  ।-
      MDL,   ࠡ⪠ 㤥 ४饭  뤠祩  ᮮ饭
      訡:

         Fatal makefile5 : Error directive: MDL  ।


               ४⨢ ⬥ ம।
               ---------------------------------

          ४⨢ ⬥ ம। (!undef) ⢥࣠ ।-
       . ᫨        ।-
     ,  ४⨢ 祣  . ⠪ ४⨢:

                   !undef _




               ᯮ짮 MAKE
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

             筮   ⮬,  ᮧ make-
     䠩; ⠫ ६ ,  ᯮ짮    MAKE.



               ⠪  ப
               --------------------------

          ⥩訬 ᯮᮡ ᯮ짮 MAKE   

               make

             DOS.  MAKE    MAKEFILE; ᫨    
     ,   MAKEFILE.MAK; ᫨    ,  ࠡ ४-
     頥  뤠祩 ᮮ饭  訡.

           ,  ᫨   䠩  , ⫨ 
     MAKEFILE  MAKEFILE.MAK?  MAKE  䠩 (-f),  -
     :

                     make -fstars.mak

          騩 ᨭ⠪ 맮 MAKE ᫥騩:

               make   ... 楫 楫 ...

            -   MAKE ( 㦤 ),    楫
        楫 䠩,    ࠡ⠭ 
      ࠢ.

           ᨭ⠪᪨ ࠢ:

          - ᫥ ᫮ make  ᫥ ஡, ⥬ ᯨ᮪ -
            権 MAKE.

          - 樨 MAKE ⤥   㣠 ஡   
                浪  ⢥ ( । 
            ப).

          - ᫥ ᯨ᪠ 権 MAKE ᫥ ஡,  ⥬ - 易-
            ⥫ ᯨ᮪ 楫.

          -  楫 ⤥  㣨 楫 ஡. MAKE -
            । 楫 䠩  㪠 浪, ४
             ⠢騥, ᫨  室.

          ᫨   ப    ᮤন   楫,  
     MAKE ᯮ  楫,  㯮   ࠢ.  ᫨ 
      ப     楫,    易-
     ⥫쭮 ஥.

           ਢ  ᪮쪮 ਬ஢ 맮 MAKE  -
      ப.

                 make -n -fstars.mak
                 make -s
                 make -Iinclude -DMDL = c



               砭  ⠭ MAKE
               --------------------------

          MAKE ४頥  ࠡ, ᫨  ,   -
     , 뢠  .  ࠧ Ctrl-C ⠭
     믮 ⥪饩   MAKE   .



                 BUILTINS.MAK
               ------------------

           ᯮ짮  MAKE      㤥 㦨, 
      ம।  ࠢ (筮 ),   -
       ⭮.      ᯮᮡ  ࠡ⪨.
     -,       ᮧ make-䠩.
     -,       ⤥ 䠩   ᯮ-
        ४⨢  !include      ᮧ  make-䠩.
     -,               䠩      
     BUILTINS.MAK.

           ࠧ  맮 ⨫ MAKE    䠩    
     BUILTINS.MAK;  ᫨  室,  MAKE 뢠  । -
     ࠡ⪮ MAKEFILE ( ⮣ make-䠩,    ࠡ-
     뢠).

           BUILTINS.MAK  ।祭   ࠢ (筮 -
     )  ᮢ,  ਬ   ணࠬ -
     襣 .

           ॡ,  ⮡ 䠩 BUILTINS.MAK 易⥫쭮 -
     . ᫨ MAKE 室 ,   . ᫨ MAKE
      室 䠩 BUILTINS.MAK,   室 ।⢥  -
     樨 MAKEFILE (    make-䠩).



                MAKE  BUILDINS.MAK  make-䠩
               ---------------------------------------

          砫 MAKE 㤥 ᪠ BUILTINS.MAK   ⥪饬  ⠫.
     ᫨   ⠬ ,   ࠡ⠥  DOS ᨩ 3.0  , MAKE
     㤥  ᫥  ⠫  ࡮  ,    ஬   ࠧ頥
     MAKE.EXE.     BUILDINS.MAK    ⠫, 
      䠩 MAKE.EXE.

          MAKE ᥣ  make-䠩 ⮫쪮  ⥪饬 ⠫.   
     䠩 ᮤন ࠢ  ஥ 䠩  믮אַ ண-
     ࠬ.  䠩   ᨭ⠪᪨ ࠢ.

          MAKE ⠪   !include-䠩  ⥪饬 ⠫. -
       ᯮ  -I (Include),    ᬠਢ  ⠪
     ⠫, ᯥ஢ ⮩ 樥.



               樨  ப ⨫ 
               -----------------------------------

           㦥 㯮  樨  ; ⥯  -
        ᯨ᮪. ⨬,  ࠧ 㪢 (  -
     )  祭;  -d  ⭠ 樨 -D.

      -a                   ஢ ⮧ᨬ.

      -D䨪     ।   䨪  ப,
                          饩  ⢥ ᨬ 1.

      -D=ப       ।   䨪  ப,
                          ࠢ ப ᫥  ࠢ⢠.  ப
                            ᮤঠ ஡  ᨬ ⠡-
                          樨.

     -L⠫             㤥  ᪠ !include-䠩  
                          ⠫ (  ⥪騬 ⠫).

      -U䨪     ⬥  ।騥 । -
                           䨪.

      -s                  筮  ⠥  ,  ਭ-
                              ᯮ.    樨 -s
                            .

      -n                  ⠢   ⮫쪮  , 
                           믮  .       ⫠
                          make-䠩.

      -f_䠩          䠩 㤥 ᬠਢ 
                          make-䠩. ᫨  䠩  ,
                           ७      ,       䠩
                          "_䠩.mak".

      -?  -h            騥 ᮮ饭 (help).



               饭  訡 Make
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

          ᪨ ᮮ饭       :  -
     ⠫  訡  訡.  ந室 ⠫쭠 訡, -
       ४頥.   ।ਭ ᮮ⢥-
     騥 ⢨,  ⥬  .  訡  㪠뢠
         ᨭ⠪᪮  ᥬ᪮ ४⭮
      室 make-䠩.    make-䠩,  
     ⥬ ⠭.



               ⠫ 訡
               ----------------

     XXXXXXXX does not exist-don't know how to make it
     ( ,  ந )

           ᮮ饭 뤠,   㦨  -
          饣 䠩  ᫥⥫쭮 ஥   -
           ࠢ, 饣 ந ⠪ 䠩.


     Error directive: XXXX
     (४⨢ 訡: )

           ᮮ饭  뤠,     ࠡ뢠 ४⨢
          !error  室 䠩.  ४⨢ 뤠   ᮮ-
          .


     Incorret command-line argument: XXX
     (ࠢ 㬥  ப: )

           訡  ,  ᫨    ࠢ
          㬥.


     Not enough memory
     ( 墠⠥ )

           訡 ,  ॢ蠥 騩 ࠡ稩 ࠧ
          .  ਤ ஡ ᤥ   ᠬ   
           襩 . ᫨  襩 設 㦥  640 -
          ,     室 䠩.


     Unable to execute command
     ( 믮 )

           ᮮ饭 뤠, ⮬      -
          .    ⮬ 砥     䠩, 
            .  ⭠ :   -
          ,  ᪠.


     Unable to open makefile
     (  make-䠩)

           ᮮ饭  뤠,    ⥪騩 ⠫  ᮤন
          䠩   MAKEFILE,   䠩 MAKEFILE.MAK.



               訡
               ------

     Bad file name format in include statement
     ( ଠ  䠩   !include)

           䠩  !include   祭  窨  
          㣫  ᪮. ।  䠩    祪,
           㣫 ᪮.


     Bad undef statement syntax
     ( ᨭ⠪   !undef)

           !undef  ᮤঠ ⢥  䨪
           祣   ⥫ .


     Character constant too long
     (쭠 ⠭ ᫨誮 )

          쭠 ⠭      ⮫쪮    
          ᨬ.


     Command arguments too long
     (㬥  ᫨誮 )

           㬥⮢  , 믮塞 , ॢ蠥  127
          ᨬ - ।, ⨬  DOS.


     Command syntax error
     (訡  ᨭ⠪ )

           ᮮ饭 뤠, ᫨:

          - ࢠ ப ࠢ  make-䠩 ᮤন  -
            騩 ஬⮪.
          -  ࠢ  ⮨  .७.७:.
          -  ࠢ  ⮨   । ᨬ ":".
          - ம।  ⮨   । ᨬ "=".


     Division by zero
     (  )

            ⮪     !if  㫥
          ⥫.


     Expression syntax error in !if statement
     (訡 ᨭ⠪ ࠦ   !if)

          ࠦ     !if  ୮ ନ஢ - ᮤন
           ᪮, 譨  ய饭    ய-
          饭   ⠭.


     File name too long
     (誮   䠩)

           䠩,    ४⨢ !include,  ᫨誮
            ࠡ⪨ ஬.  䠩    DOS  
           ॢ 64 ᨬ.


     Illegal character in constant expression X
     (饭 ᨬ  ⠭⭮ ࠦ )

           㦨  ᨬ, ⨬  ⠭⭮
          ࠦ.  ᫨ ᨬ - 㪢,  㪠뢠  (⭮)
           䨪.


     Illegal octal digit
     (ୠ 쬨筠 )

          쬨筠 ⠭ ᮤন  8  9.


     Macro expansion too long
     (७ ᫨誮 )

          ம।    , 祬  4096 ᨬ-
          .  訡  ந室,    ம।
          ४ᨢ  ᠬ ᥡ.  饭.


     Misplased else statement
     ( !else   )

          㦥 ४⨢  !else    ᮮ⢥饩  ४⨢
          !if.


     Misplased endif statement
     ( !endif   )

          㦥 ४⨢ !endif    ᮮ⢥饩  ४⨢
          !if.


     No file name ending
     ( 祭  䠩)

           䠩    !include  祭 뢠饩 -
          窮  㣫 ᪮.


     Redefinition of target XXXXXXXX
     (८। 楫 )

           䠩       祬    
          ࠢ.


     Unable to open include file XXXXXXXX.XXX
     (  include-䠩 .)

           䠩       .   ந,
          ᫨ 砥 䠩 砥 ᠬ ᥡ. ஢, -
            砥 䠩.


     Unexpected end of file in conditional started on line #
     (०६  䠩  ᫮ ४⨢, 稭饩 
     ப #)

          室 䠩 稫 ०, 祬  㦨 !endif.
          !endif   ய饭,  ୮ ᠭ.


     Unknown preprocessor statement
     ( ९ )

           (!)  㦥  砫 ப,     ,
          ᫥饥    ,    ᮢ      ᫥:
          error, undef, if, elif, include, else  endif.




               ⨫  TOUCH
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

          뢠 ,    㦭  맢  ४  
     ஥ ண   楫 䠩,     
     室 䠩 ᤥ  뫮.    ᯮᮡ    ᤥ
      ਬ ⨫ TOUCH,  祭  ࡮ .  TOUCH
        ६   ᪮쪨 䠩  ⥪騥 -
       ६,   "", 祬 䠩,    .

            ⮣,  ⮡ 맢 ९஥ 楫 䠩, -
      ⨫ TOUCH    ᪮쪨 䠩,  
      楫.  ⮣ :

            touch _䠩 [_䠩 ... ]

       DOS. ⨫ TOUCH   ᮧ 䠩.

          ᫥ ⮣   맢   ९஥  楫-
       䠩. ( ⨫⮩ TOUCH  ᯮ짮 ᨬ DOS
     *  ?).
