
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     putimage
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        뢮   ࠭ ᪮ ࠦ

     ᯮ짮     #include<graphics.h>
                       void far putimage(int left, int top,
                                         void far *bitmap, int op);

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         putimage   뢮       ࠭    ᪮
                       ࠦ,   ।⥫쭮      
                        㭪樨 getimage.    孨  㣮
                       ࠦ    祭ﬨ (left, top).
                       bitmap  㪠뢠        ,   
                       ࠭ 뢮 ࠦ.

                       ࠬ  op    맮  putimage  ।
                       楤 ᫥ 祭 梥  
                         ନ㥬    ࠭ ࠦ.

                          ⮬    ।,        
                       ࠦ   㦥   ࠧ饭      ࠭,   
                       ᮮ⢥騩   ࠦ  筨
                       ࠧ饭  .

                       ᫥ putimage_ops,   । 
                       graphics.h,    楤

                      ------------------------------------------------
                                  祭       ᠭ
                      ------------------------------------------------
                       COPY_PUT      0             ஢
                       XOR_PUT       1             ᪫饥 
                       OR_PUT        2             饥 
                       AND_PUT       3             
                       NOT_PUT       4             ஢ 
                                                   ஢
                                                   筨
                      ------------------------------------------------

                       㣨 ᫮  ,  COPY_PUT  㤥  ஢
                       ࠦ  筨   ࠭, XOR_PUT 㤥
                       믮      XOR      ࠦ
                       筨    ⥬,       ࠭,
                       OR_PUT -  OR  ࠦ 筨
                        ⥬,   ࠭,  ..

     頥      
     祭

     ७ᨬ        㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC  
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ

     . ⠪         getimage,imagesize,putpixel,setvisualpage

     ਬ            . getimage



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     putpixel
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        稢               (
                       ࠦ)

     ᯮ짮     #include<graphics.h>
                       void far putpixel(int x, int y,int color);

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         putpixel 稢    樨  (x,y)
                       , 梥 ன   color,

     頥      
     祭

     ७ᨬ        㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC  
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ

     . ⠪         getpixel,putimage



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     puts
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        뢮 ப  ⮪ stdout

     ⠪         int puts (const char *s);

     ⨯         stdio.h

     砭         puts    -࠭祭  ப  s  
                       ⠭  室  ⮪  stdout,  
                       ᨬ 室   ப.

     頥         ᯥ譮   襭   puts   頥
     祭          ⥫쭮 祭.    ⨢  砥
                       頥 EOF.

     ७ᨬ     puts  㯭a    ⥬ UNIX  ᮢ⨬ 
                       ANSI C.

     . ⠪         cputs,fputs,gets,printf,putchar



     ----------------------------------------------------------------
     puttext
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ७  ⥪            ࠭   
                       䠢⭮-஢ ०

     ⠪         int puttext(int left, int top, int right,
                                            int bottom, void *source);

     ⨯         conio.h

     砭         puttext  뢮  ᮤন  , 
                         㪠뢠  source,      אַ㣮
                         ࠭,  ।塞 祭ﬨ left,
                       top,right  bottom

                            न          ᮫묨
                       न⠬    ࠭,         न⠬
                       ⭮⥫쭮 .      孥
                       㣫 ᮮ⢥ (1,1).

                       puttext  ७  ᮤন   
                       㪠 אַ㣮쭨  ᫥⥫쭮  ᫥
                       ࠢ  ᢥ .

                       puttext  ⢫  ।⢥ 뢮 
                       䠢⭮-஢ ०

     頥      puttext 頥 㫥 祭   砥
     祭          ᯥ譮   襭    0    砥  訡
                       (ਬ, ᫨   न, 室騥
                         ⥪饣 ०)

     ७ᨬ     puttext ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮  IBM PC  ᮢ⨬
                        BIOS ⥬

     . ⠪         gettext,movetext,window



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     putw
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        뢮 楫᫥ 祭  ⮪

     ⠪         #include <stdio.h>
                       int putw (int w,FILE *stream);

     ⨯         stdio.h

     砭
                       putw 뢮 楫᫥ w  㪠 ⮪.
                       putw        ।         믮
                       ᯥ樠쭮 ࠢ  䠩.

     頥         ᯥ譮   襭   putw   頥
     祭          楫᫥   祭  w.    訡  putw
                       頥 EOF.

                       ᪮     EOF           業
                       楫᫥  祭,      㦥
                       訡  putw     ᯮ짮   㭪
                       ferror

     ७ᨬ     putw o㯭  ⥬ UNIX

     . ⠪         getw,printf



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     qsort
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     祭        ந ஢  ᪮७ 

     ᯮ짮     void qsort (void *base, size_t nelem
                                   size_t width,int(*fcmp)
                                   (const void *,const void *));
     ⨯         stdlib.h

     砭         qsort  ॠ    ன  ஢
                       "  ". qsort 㯮冷稢 
                       ⠡   ⭮ 맮 
                       짮⥫  㭪樨  ࠢ,    
                       㪠뢠 fcmp.

                          - base  㪠뢠    (㫥) -
                             ⠡, 饩 ஢;
                          - nelem ।⠢ ᫮ ⮢ ⠡;
                          - width  ।⠢   ࠧ 
                             ⠡  .

                       㭪 ࠢ *fcmp ਭ  㬥
                       (elem1  elem2),    㪠뢠 
                         ⠡.  㭪 ࠢ -
                            (elem1    elem2)    -
                       頥 楫 ᫮, ᮮ⢥饥 १
                       ࠢ.

                            ᫨ :       fcmp 頥:
                            --------------       ----------------

                            *elem1 < *elem2         楫 < 0
                            *elem1 == *elem2        0
                            *elem1 > *elem2         楫 > 0

                        ࠢ ᨬ  (<) 砥,  
                       १饩, ஢  ᫥⥫-
                                 ᯮ
                       ।  ࠢ  ⮬.  筮,   ᨬ
                          (>)  砥,      १饩
                       ⠡        ᯮ
                       ᫥ ࠢ .

     頥      
     祭

     ७ᨬ     qsort  㯭   ⥬ UNIX  ᮢ⨬ 
                       ANSI C

     . ⠪         bsearch, lsearch.

     ਬ            #include <stdio.h>
                       #include <stdlib.h>
                       #include <string.h>

                       #char list[5][4] = {"cat","car","cab","cap",
                                                              "can"};
                       main()
                       {
                        int x;
                        qsort(&list,5,sizeof(list[0]),strcmp);
                        for (x = 0; x < 5; x++)
                          printf("%s\n",list[x]);
                       }


                       뢮 ணࠬ

                       cab
                       can
                       cap
                       car
                       cat



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     raise
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        뫠   ணࠬ   ᨣ   믮饩
                       ணࠬ

     ⠪         #include<signal.h>
                       int raise(int sig);

     ⨯         signal.h

     砭         raise  뫠 ᨣ ⨯ sig ணࠬ. ᫨
                       ணࠬ ⠭ ࠡ稪  ᨣ,  ⨯
                         ।  sig,    ࠡ稪
                       㤥 饭. ᫨ ࠡ稪 ᨣ   
                       ⠭,    㤥    믮   ⢨,
                       ਭ⮥   ⨯ ᨣ  㬮砭.

                        ᨣ ।   signal.h

                       -----------------------------------------------
                                 祭
                       -----------------------------------------------
                         SIGABRT       ਩ 襭(*)
                         SIGFPE        訡 樨  饩
                                       ⮩
                         SIGILL        饭 (#)
                         SIGINT        ࠢ饥 뢠
                         SIGSEGV       ⨬   (#)
                         SIGTERM         襭 ணࠬ
                       -----------------------------------------------

                       , 祭 (*),      DOS
                        Turbo C  ଠ쭮 襭 権.
                           ᣥ஢    
                       㭪樨  raise.  ,  祭  (#),  
                             ᣥ஢   ᨭ஭   
                       ᯮ짮  ஢  8088    8086, 
                           ᣥ஢     ᯮ짮
                         㣨  ஢ ( ஡
                       ଠ    ᠭ signal)

     頥      raise 頥 0   ᯥ譮  襭  
     祭          㫥 祭  ⨢ 砥

     ७ᨬ     raise  㯭   ⥬ UNIX  ᮢ⨬ 
                       ANSI C

     . ⠪         abort,signal

     ਬ            #include<signal.h>
                       main()
                       {
                       int a, b, c;
                       a = 10;
                       b = 0;
                       if (b == 0)
                       /*    */
                       raise(SIGFPE);
                       c = a/b;
                       }



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     rand
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭         砩 ᥫ

     ⠪         int rand(void);

     ⨯         stdlib.h

     砭         rand ᯮ  ⢥    -
                       砩  ᥫ    ਮ  2   ⥯ 32 
                       祭  ᫥⥫쭮   ᥢ砩
                       稭            0    RAND_MAX.
                       쭠 ⠭  RAND_MAX  ।  
                       stdlib.h;  祭 ࠢ 2  ⥯ (15 +/-
                       1)

     頥      rand 頥 ᣥ஢ ᥢ砩
     祭          ᫮

     ७ᨬ     rand 㯭  ⥬ UNIX    ᮢ⨬  
                       ANSI C.

     . ⠪         random,randomize,srand

     ਬ            #include <time.h>
                       #include <stdio.h>
                       #include <stdlib.h>

                       main ()
                       /* ⠥ 5 砩 ᥫ  0  32767 */
                       {
                       int i;
                       /*   砩 窨 */
                       srand (time (NULL) % 37);
                       for (i=0; i<5; i++)
                       printf("%d\n", rand());
                       }



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     randbrd
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ⥭ ந쭮 

     ⠪         #include <dos.h>
                       int randbrd(struct fcb *fcb, int rcnt);

     ⨯         dos.h

     砭         randbrd  ⠥  rcnt  ᥩ,  ᯮ 
                       ࠢ (FCB) ⮣  䠩,    
                       㪠뢠  fcb.   뢠   
                       ⥪饬    ⥭    ᪠.  뢠
                       ந,  稭   ,  ன
                       ࠭  " ந쭮 " FCB.  
                       ⢫    ⥬ 맮 DOS
                       0x27.

                       ⢨⥫쭮 ᫮  ⠭  ᥩ  
                         ।  祭 " ந쭮
                       " FCB.  饭  祭  ⮣  
                       㤥   ᮮ⢥⢮  ⢨⥫쭮  
                       ⠭ ᥩ.

     頥       ᨬ   १ 믮 randbrd
     祭            ᫥騥 祭:

                           0  ⠭  .

                           1  ⨣  䠩  ⥭ ᫥
                               襭.

                           2  ⥭   ᥩ ਢ  室
                              १   0xFFFF  (⠭ ⮫쪮
                              ᥩ, ᪮쪮 ).

                           3  ⨣  䠩  ⥭ ᫥
                                믮.

     ७ᨬ     randbrd 㭨쭠  DOS.

     . ⠪         getdta,randbwr,setdta



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     randbwr
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭         ந쭮 

     ⠪         #include <dos.h>
                       int randbwr (struct fcb *fcb, int rcnt);

     ⨯         dos.h

     砭         randbwr  뢠  rcnt  ᥩ      ,
                       ᯮ      ࠢ  (FCB)  ⮣
                       䠩,         㪠뢠   fcb.    
                       ⢫    ⥬ 맮 DOS
                       0x28. ᫨ rcnt ࠢ 0,  䠩  ᥪ  
                       ࠧ,   ᮮ⢥饣  ᮤন  "
                       ந쭮 ".

                       ⢨⥫쭮 ᫮ ᠭ  ᥩ  
                         ।  祭 " ந쭮
                       " FCB.  饭  祭  ⮣  
                       㤥   ᮮ⢥⢮  ⢨⥫쭮  
                       ᠭ ᥩ.

     頥       ᨬ   १ 믮 randbwr
     祭            ᫥騥 祭:

                           0  ᠭ  .

                           1  筮 ᪮ ࠭⢠ 
                               ᥩ (  믮).

                           2     ᥩ ਢ  室
                              १   0xFFFF  (ᠭ ⮫쪮
                              ᥩ, ᪮쪮 ).

     ७ᨬ     randbwr 㭨쭠  DOS.

     . ⠪         randbrd



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     random
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭         砩 ᥫ

     ⠪         #include<stdlib.h>
                       int random(int num);

     ⨯         stdlib.h

     砭         random 頥 砩  ᫮    0  
                       (num-1).  random(num)    ᮬ, -
                       ᠭ    (rand()%(num)).    num,  ⠪  
                       頥 砩 ᫮,  楫묨.

     頥      random 頥 祭  0  (num-1).
     祭

     ७ᨬ     ⢥ 㭪   Turbo Pascal

     . ⠪         rand,randomize,srand

     ਬ            #include<stdlib.h>
                       #include<time.h>
                       /* ⠥ 砩 ᫮
                             0  99   */

                       main()
                       {
                       int n;
                       randomize();
                       /* 롨ࠥ 砩 ᫮  1  20 */
                       n = random(20) + 1;
                       while( n-- > 0)
                       printf("%d", random(100));
                       printf("\n");
                       }



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     randomize
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        樠  砩 ᥫ

     ⠪         #include<stdlib.h>
                       #include<time.h>
                       void randomize(void);

     ⨯         stdlib.h

     砭         randomize   ⠭    砩
                       ᥫ  砩 祭. ᪮ randomize
                         ᮬ,    뢠  㭪
                       time, ।  time.h,  ४㥬 
                       ⠪  time.h,   ᯮ 
                       㭪.

     頥      
     祭

     ७ᨬ     ⢥ 㭪   Turbo Pascal

     . ⠪         rand,random,srand



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     _read
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ⠥  䠩

     ⠪         int _read(int handle,void *buf,unsigned len);

     ⨯         io.h

     砭         _read ⠥   len      䠩,
                       易     handle,    ,    
                       㪠뢠  buf.   _read   ⢫   אַ
                       饭  ⥬ 맮 ⥭.

                       ᫨  䠩    ⥪⮢ ०, _read 
                       㤠   ⪨.

                       handle -    䠩  ࠩ,  易  
                       䠩  ⥬  饭    creat,open,dup 
                       dup2.

                        ࠡ  ᪮묨 䠩  _read  稭
                       ⥭    ⥪饣  祭  㪠⥫ 䠩.
                       ᫥  襭  ⥭  祭   㪠⥫
                       䠩  㢥稢  ᫮ ⠭ ⮢.
                        ࠡ  ன⢠ _read 뢠 
                       ।⢥  ன⢠.

                       ᨬ쭮  ᫮  ⮢, ஥  
                       ⠭  _read,  ⠢  65534,   ᪮
                       65535  (0xFFFF)  ᮮ⢥  -1    
                          砥 訡.

     頥        ᯥ譮   襭   _read   頥
     祭          ⥫쭮   楫   ᫮,  ᮮ⢥饥
                         饭      ⮢.   
                       㦥  䠩 _read 頥 0. 
                       訡 頥 0  errno ਭ  
                       ᫥ 祭:

                       EACCES     饭
                       EBADF     ࠢ  䠩

     ७ᨬ     _read 㭨쭠  DOS.

     . ⠪         _open,read,_write



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     read
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ⠥  䠩

     ⠪         int read(int handle,void *buf,unsigned len);

     ⨯         io.h

     砭         read  ⠥    len     䠩,
                       易    handle,    ,     
                       㪠뢠 buf.

                       ᫨  䠩      ⥪⮢  ०,  read
                       㤠   ⪨    ⨦
                        䠩 㤠   䠩.

                       handle  -    䠩  ࠩ,  易 
                       䠩 ⥬  饭    creat,open,dup  
                       dup2.

                         ࠡ    ᪮묨 䠩 read 稭
                       ⥭   ⥪饣  祭  㪠⥫  䠩.
                       ᫥   襭  ⥭  祭  㪠⥫
                       䠩 㢥稢  ᫮ ⠭  ⮢.
                         ࠡ  ன⢠ read 뢠 
                       ।⢥  ன⢠.

                       ᨬ쭮 ᫮  ,  ஥    
                       ⠭ read, ⠢ 65534, ᪮ 65535
                       (0xFFFF)  ᮮ⢥  -1      
                         砥 訡.

     頥         ᯥ譮   襭   read   頥
     祭          ⥫쭮  楫   ᫮,   ᮮ⢥饥
                         饭    . ᫨ 䠩
                             ⥪⮢   ०,      read
                            ⪨,  Ctrl/Z,
                            ᫠   ⠭   .   
                       㦥   䠩 read 頥 0. 
                       訡 頥 0  errno ਭ  
                       ᫥ 祭:

                       EACCES     饭
                       EBADF     ࠢ  䠩

     頥      read 㯭  ⥬ UNIX
     祭

     . ⠪         open,_read,write



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     realloc
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        । ᭮ 

     ⠪         #include<stdlib.h>
                       void *realloc(void *block, size_t size);

     ⨯         stdlib.h, alloc.h

     砭         realloc   ⠥   㬥     㢥
                       ।⥫쭮 ।   
                       ࠧ    size . 㬥 block 㪠뢠
                         , 祭 ⥬ 饭 
                       malloc, calloc  realloc. ᫨ block 
                       㫥 㪠⥫,  realloc ࠡ⠥ ⠪ ,
                        malloc.

                       realloc    ࠧ । 
                        size  ,      室  
                       ᮤন   .

     頥      realloc   頥    ।
     祭           ,      ⫨  
                        室 . ᫨   
                         ।  size ==  0,  
                       realloc 頥 NULL.

     ७ᨬ     realloc 㯭  ⥬ UNIX  ᮢ⨬ 
                       ANSI C

     . ⠪         calloc,farrealloc,free,malloc

     ਬ            . malloc



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     rectangle
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        稢 אַ㣮쭨

     ⠪         #include<graphics.h>
                       void far rectangle(int left, int top,
                                          int right,int bottom);

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         rectangle  稢 אַ㣮쭨, ᯮ
                        ⮬ ⥪騥  ⨯  ,  ⮫騭    梥
                       稢.

                       (left,top)      孨 㣮 אַ-
                       쭨,  (right, bottom) - ࠢ .

     頥      .
     祭

     ७ᨬ       㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC   
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ.

     . ⠪         bar,bar3d,setcolor,setlinestyle

     ਬ            int i;
                       for (i=0; i<10; i++)
                       rectangle(20-2*i,20-2*i, 10*(i+2), 10*(i+2));



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     registerbgidriver
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        뢠   㦥    짮⥫    
                       ஥      ⥬   ࠩ  ᪮
                       ⥬  ᠬ ᪮ ⥬.

     ⠪         #include<graphics.h>
                       int registerbgidriver(void (*driver)(void));

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         registerbgidriver         짮⥫
                       㦠  䠩 ࠩ  "ॣ஢" 
                        ⥬.  ࠩ     ।
                       registerbgidriver          initgraph     㤥
                       ᯮ짮   ॣ஢  ࠩ.
                       ॣ஢  짮⥫ ࠩ 
                          㦥      ᪠        ᪨
                       ।塞         ८ࠧ  
                       ꥪ  䠩  (.OBJ)   ⥬   ᯮ짮
                       ணࠬ    BINOBJ.EXE        ᪮   
                       㧮  (.EXE).

                       맮 registerbgidriver ନ 
                       ⥬      ⮬,     ࠩ,    
                       㪠뢠  driver,      祭      ६
                       .           㭪     ஢,
                       ⢨⥫쭮      ᪮   ணࠬ
                         ࠩ஬,    ᫨  ,   
                       ॣ        ७    ⠡.
                       ஥      ࠩ          ஡
                       ᬠਢ  ਫ D.

                       뢠  㥬 ࠩ    맮
                       registerbgidriver,         ⠪    ᮮ頥
                        (  騪)    室
                        ꥪ⭮ 䠩  ⨬ .

     頥      registerbgidriver  頥 ⥫ 
     祭          訡  ᪮  ⥬,  ᫨   㪠
                       ࠩ   ४⥭.      ⨢   砥
                       registerbgidriver 頥  ࠩ.

                       ᫨  ॣ  ᮧ  짮⥫
                       ࠩ,           ।   १
                       믮  㭪樨  registerbgidriver  㭪樨
                       initgraph,    ⮣  ⮡  ࠩ 
                        ᯮ짮.

     ७ᨬ       㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC   
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ.

     . ⠪         graphresult,initgraph,installuserdriver,
                       registerbgifont

     ਬ            /*  ࠩ EGA/VGA */
                   if (registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_driver) < 0) exit(1);



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     registerbgifont
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭         ᪮  

     ⠪         #include<graphics.h>
                       int registerbgifont(void (*font)(void));

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         맮 registerbgifont  ନ  
                       ⥬   ⮬,  ,   㪠뢠
                       font,   祭    ६  .  
                       㭪     ஢,     ⢨⥫쭮     
                       ᪮     ,  
                       ᫨  ,      ॣ 
                       ७ ⠡.  ஥    
                       ஡ ᬠਢ  ਫ D.

                       뢠    㥬     맮
                       registerbgifont,  ⠪ ᮮ頥 
                       (  騪)    室  
                       ꥪ⭮ 䠩  ⨬ .

                       ᫨  ॣ  ᮧ  짮⥫
                       ,    । १ 믮
                       㭪樨 registerbgifont  㭪樨  settextstyle,
                          ⮣,   ⮡          
                       ᯮ짮.

     頥      registerbgifont  頥  ⥫  
     祭          訡   ᪮  ⥬,  ᫨  㪠
                          ४⥭.       ⨢    砥
                       registerbgifont         頥        
                       ॣ஢ .

     ७ᨬ       㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC   
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ.

     . ⠪         graphresult,initgraph,installuserdriver,
                       registerbgdriver,settextstyle

     ਬ            /*  ᪮  */
               if registerbgifont(gothic_font) != GOTIC_FONT) exit(1);



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     remove
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭         䠩

     ⠪         #include <stdio.h>
                       int remove(const char *filename);

     ⨯         stdio.h

     砭         remove 㤠 䠩, 㪠  filename.  
                       ,        ⢫  맮
                       unlink.

     頥       ᯥ譮 襭  remove  頥  0.
     祭            訡  頥  0   errno ਭ
                         ᫥ 祭:

                       ENOENT     ⠪ 䠩  ⠫
                       EACCES     饭

     ७ᨬ     remove 㯭  ⥬ UNIX  ᮢ⨬  
                       ANSI C

     . ⠪         unlink



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     rename
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        २뢠 䠩

     ⠪         int rename(const char *oldname,
                                  const char *newname);

     ⨯         stdio.h

     砭         rename       䠩,  ᮤঠ饥  
                       oldname,  , 㪠  newname. ᫨ ᯥ-
                       䨪  ࠩ  䠩 㪠  newname,
                            ⠪  ,    㪠  
                       oldname.

                         ⠫  oldname  newname  
                       ࠧ, ⮬ rename    ᯮ짮
                         ६饭  䠩      ⠫ 
                       㣮. ᯮ짮  䠩  ६묨
                       ⠬ 饭.

     頥        ᯥ譮  २ 䠩 rename -
     祭          頥   祭   0.       砥    訡
                       頥  -1    errno  ਭ    
                       ᫥ 祭:

                           ENOENT  -  ⠪ 䠩  ⠫
                           EACCES  -  饭
                           ENOTSAM - 㣮 ன⢮

     ७ᨬ     rename ᮢ⨬  ANSI C



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     restorecrtmode
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ⠭ ०  ⠪,   
                         맮 initgraph

     ⠪         #include<graphics.h>
                       void far restorecrtmode(void);

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         restorecrtmode  ⠭  ࢮ砫
                       ०,    맮 initgraph.

                         㭪       ᯮ짮   
                       ⠭        㭪樥   setgraphmode   
                       ४祭    ᪨     ⥪⮢
                       ०.  textmode   ᯮ짮 
                       ⮩ 楫;    ᯮ  ⮫쪮    砥,
                         室  ⥪⮢ ०, 
                       室  㣮 ⥪⮢ ०.

     頥      .
     祭

     ७ᨬ       㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC   
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ.

     . ⠪         getgraphmode,initgraph, setgraphmode



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     rewind
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ⠭ 㪠⥫ ⥪饣 
                        砫 䠩.

     ⠪         #include <stdio.h>
                       void rewind(FILE *stream);

     ⨯         stdio.h

     砭         rewind(stream)  ⭠   fseek(stream,0L,
                       SEEK_SET)     ᪫祭  ⮣,    rewind
                       頥 ਧ  䠩  訡,   fseek
                       頥 ⮫쪮 ਧ  䠩.

                       ᫥  맮  rewind  ᫥饩  樥 
                       䠩    ,  뢮.

     頥      .
     祭

     ७ᨬ     remove 㯭  ⥬ UNIX  ᮢ⨬  
                       ANSI C

     . ⠪         fopen,fseek,ftell

     ਬ            . fseek



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     rmdir
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭         ⠫ 䠩 DOS

     ⠪         int rmdir (const char *path);

     ⨯         dir.h

     砭         rmdir  㤠 ⠫,  㯠  ஬
                         path.  ⮬ 㤠塞 ⠫:

                       -   
                       -    ⥪騬 ࠡ稬 ⠫
                       -    ୥ ⠫

     頥      rmdir  頥  0,  ᫨   ⠫   ᯥ譮
     祭          㤠.  頥  祭 -1 㪠뢠 
                       訡   errno  ਭ      ᫥
                       祭:

                       EACCES      饭
                       ENOENT      㯠  䠩  㦥

     . ⠪         chdir,getcurdir,getcwd,mkdir



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     _rotl
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ࠧ來  ᤢ    楫  ᫠
                       

     ⠪         unsigned _rotl(unsigned value, int count);

     ⨯         stdlib.h

     砭         _rotl ᤢ 㪠 稭  value  
                        count ࠧ冷.  祭 
                       楫 .

     頥      _rotl  頥  祭  value,  横᪨
     祭          ᤢ⮥  count ࠧ冷 .

     . ⠪         _lrotl

     ਬ            #include<stdlib.h>

                       main()

                       {
     printf("᪨ ᤢ 0xABCD  4   = %4X\n",
             _rotl(0xABCD));
     printf("᪨ ᤢ 0xABCD  4  ࠢ= %4X\n",
             _rotr(0xABCD));
     printf("᪨ ᤢ 0x55555555  1   = %08lX\n",
             _lrotl(0x55555555));
     printf("᪨ ᤢ 0xAAAAAAAA  1  ࠢ = %08lX\n",
             _lrotr(0xAAAAAAAA));
                       }

                       뢮 ணࠬ:

     ᪨ ᤢ 0xABCD  4   = BCDA
     ᪨ ᤢ 0xABCD  4  ࠢ= DABC
     ᪨ ᤢ 0x55555555  1   = AAAAAAAA
     ᪨ ᤢ 0xAAAAAAAA  1  ࠢ = 55555555



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     _rotr
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ࠧ來  ᤢ    楫  ᫠
                       ࠢ

     ⠪         unsigned _rotr(unsigned value, int count);

     ⨯         stdlib.h

     砭         _rotr ᤢ 㪠 稭 value  ࠢ
                        count ࠧ冷.  祭 
                       楫 .

     頥      _rotr  頥  祭  value,  横᪨
     祭          ᤢ⮥  count ࠧ冷 ࠢ.

     . ⠪         _lrotr



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     sbrk
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭         ࠧ饭 ᥣ 

     ⠪         void *sbrk(int incr);

     ⨯         alloc.h

     砭         sbrk  ਡ incr   祭 ࠭ 
                       ᮮ⢥ᢥ  뤥 .  
                       ⮬  incr      ⥫,   ⮬
                       砥 ࠧ 뤥    㬥蠥.
                       sbrk  ᮮ    ᡮ,    ந  
                         뤥   ,   ᫨   ⠪
                           ਢ   뤥 
                       襣 ࠧ, 祬 ⨬.

     頥       ᯥ譮 襭 sbrk 頥  ஥
     祭          祭 ࠭.  訡 sbrk 頥 -1
                        errno ਭ 祭

                       ENOMEM        墠⠥ 

     ७ᨬ     sbrk 㯭  ⥬ UNIX

     . ⠪         brk



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     scanf
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ⢫ ଠ   ⮪ stdin

     ⠪         int scanf(const char *format[,adress, ...]);

     ⨯         stdio.h

     砭         scanf  ᬠਢ  ᫥⥫쭮  
                         (    ᨬ    ࠧ)  ⮪
                       stdin.  ⥬       ଠ   
                       ᮮ⢥⢨        ᯥ䨪樥    ଠ,
                         scanf    ଠ⭮  ப,  
                         㪠뢠 format. ᫥ ଠ஢
                         scanf    ,
                                     㬥,
                       ᫥饣  format. ⢮ ᯥ䨪஢
                       ଠ⮢      ᮢ    ᮮ⢥⢮
                         .


                       ଠ⭠ ப

                       ଠ⭠  ப,      scanf  
                           㭪  cscanf, fscanf, sscanf,
                       vscanf, vfscanf   vsscanf,  ࠢ  ,
                       ८ࠧ      
                       .    ⮬       ᯥ䨪権
                       ଠ       筮  ⢮
                         㬥⮢  ,     ⨢   砥
                       १  ࠡ 㭪樨 ।᪠㥬  
                       ਢ      ᪨   ᫥⢨.
                       譨       㬥   (   
                       ᮮ⢥ ଠ⮢)  .

                       ଠ⭠ ப   ᨬ쭮  ப,
                        ᮤন  ⨯ ꥪ⮢: ⮡ࠦ-
                        ᨬ, ⮡ࠦ ᨬ  ᯥ䨪-
                       樨 ଠ.

                       - ⮡ࠦ묨  ᨬ    ஡
                         ( ), ᨬ ⠡樨 (\t)  ᨬ 室
                           ப (\n).  ᫨ 㭪 ...scanf
                         砥 ⮡ࠦ ᨬ  ଠ⭮
                         ப,   㤥 뢠,   ࠭
                          ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ  
                         ᫥饣 ⮡ࠦ ᨬ  室
                         ⮪.

                       - ⮡ࠦ묨 ᨬ    㣨
                         ASCII-ᨬ  ᪫祭 ᨬ 業
                         (%). ᫨ 㭪 ...scanf 砥  ப
                         ଠ⮢ ⮡ࠦ ᨬ, 
                          ⠥,    ࠭ ᮮ⢥-
                         騩  ᨬ.

                       - 䨪樨  ଠ  ।뢠 㭪
                         ...scanf ⢨ ⥭  ८ࠧ
                         ᨬ   室   祭
                         । ⨯,  ⥬   
                         , 㪠 ᮮ⢥騬 
                         㬥⮬.

                       騩  (᫥)  ⮡ࠦ ᨬ
                        ⠥ ( ᨬ 室    
                       ப),  ᫨  ⮫쪮      ᠭ    
                       ଠ⭮ ப.


                       䨪樨  ଠ.

                       䨪樨 ଠ  㭪権  ...scanf  
                       ᫥騩 :

                          % [*] [widht] [F|N] [h|l|L] ᨬ_⨯

                       䨪  ଠ 稭   ᨬ-
                         業(%).  ᫥ ⮣ ᨬ ᫥
                       ᨬ ᯥ䨪樨  ᫥饬 浪:

                  - 易⥫ ᨬ  祭[*]
                  - 易⥫쭠 ᯥ䨪 ਭ  [width]
                  - 易⠫ 䨪 ࠧ 㪠⥫ [F|N]
                  - 易⠫ 䨪 ⨯ 㬥 [h|l|L]
                  - ᨬ ⨯


                  易⥫  ଠ⭮ ப

          ।⠢  饥  ᠭ ப ଠ⮢  㭪
        ...scanf, ࠢ饩 ନ஢ 室 ⮪  .

     -----------------------------------------------------------------
                   ࠢ   ।
        ᯥ䨪
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
             *            ⬥ ᢠ ᫥饣  

           width          ᨬ쭮  ᫮  뢠   ᨬ;
                          襥 ⢮ ᨬ    -
                          ⠭  砥,  ᫨ 㭪 ...scanf -
                           ⮡ࠦ  ८ࠧ㥬  ᨬ-
                          .

            size           ࠧ  㬮砭 ᭮
                          㬥.

                                N = 㪠⥫ ⨯ near,
                                F = 㪠⥫ ⨯ far

          argument         砥  㬮砭 ⨯ -
            type           㬥.

                              h = ⨯  short int

                              l = ⨯  long int (᫨ ᨬ ⨯
                                  㪠뢠  ८ࠧ 
                                  楫 ⨯)

                              l = ⨯  double (᫨ ᨬ ⨯
                                  㪠뢠  ८ࠧ 
                                  ⨯ c 饩 ⮩)

                              L = ⨯  long double (⨬ ⮫쪮
                                   ८ࠧ  ⨯ c
                                  饩 ⮩)
     -----------------------------------------------------------------


                       ⨯ 㭪権 ...scanf.

         ⠡ ᮤন ᯨ᮪ ᨬ  ⨯,  ⨯  室-
          , ।塞   ᨬ ⨯,  ଠ, 
        - ஬     ࠭.

        ଠ, ਢ   ⠡,  ᭮    ।-
        ,    ᯥ䨪  ଠ    ᮤন  易⥫
        ᨬ, ᯥ䨪  䨪 (*, widht  size). 
        ⮣,  ⮡  㢨,   ᯮ짮 易⥫
        ⮢,   ⠡, ᫥饩  .

     -----------------------------------------------------------------
              室     㬥
         ⨯
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
                             ᫠

          d       筮 楫      ⥫  int (int *arg)
          D       筮 楫      ⥫  long (long *arg)

                 쬨筮 楫    ⥫  int (int *arg)
          O       쬨筮 楫    ⥫  long (long *arg)

          i       筮, 쬨-   ⥫  int (int *arg)
                  筮  ⭠-
                  筮 楫

          I       筮, 쬨-   ⥫  long (long *arg)
                  筮  ⭠-
                  筮 楫

          u       筮 楫      ⥫  unsigned int
                                    (unsigned int *arg)

          U       筮 楫      ⥫  unsigned long
                                    (unsigned long *arg)

          x       ⭠筮     ⥫  int (int *arg)
                      楫

          X       ⭠筮     ⥫  long (long *arg)
                      楫

          e       ᫮  饩     ⥫  float
                      ⮩               (float *arg)

          E       ᫮  饩     ⥫  float
                      ⮩               (float *arg)

          f       ᫮  饩     ⥫  float
                      ⮩               (float *arg)

          g       ᫮  饩     ⥫  float
                      ⮩               (float *arg)

          G       ᫮  饩     ⥫  float
                      ⮩               (float *arg)
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
                             

          s       Cப ᨬ      ⥫  ᨢ ᨬ
                                              (char arg[])

          c                      ⥫  ᨬ (char *arg)
                                       ᫨ ਭ      W  
                                        c ᨬ ⨯ (-
                                        %5c),    ⨯ 㬥 -
                                       㪠⥫  ᨢ  W  ᨬ-
                                        (char arg[W])

          %        %             ८ࠧ   ⢫-
                                       , ᨬ % ࠭
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
                             ⥫

          n                             ⥫   int  (int  *arg)
                                        ᫮ ᯥ譮  ⠭
                                        ᨬ   ⮬
                                        楫.

          P       ⭠筮     ⥫  ꥪ (far*
                    ᫮           near*)
                      YYYY:ZZZZ          㬮砭  %p ८ࠧ-
                     ZZZZ             ᯮ ⨯ 㪠⥫,
                                        ᮮ⢥騩  
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                

     ﬨ   :

        -    ᨬ    ᫥饣  ⮡ࠦ  ᨬ  (
            );

        -    ᨬ    ࢮ  ८ࠧ㥬     㪠
           ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ ᨬ (ਬ,  ᫠ "8"  "9" 
           쬨筮 ଠ);

        -  n ᨬ,  n - ਭ .


                               襭

          ᯥ䨪権 ଠ ਭ  ।  ᮣ-
        襭,  饭 .


     % ८ࠧ

           ⮩  ᯥ䨪樨  ⠥  ᫥騩  ᨬ,  
        ⮡ࠦ ᨬ.    ய᪠    ⮡ࠦ
        ᨬ   ⥭ ᫥饣 ⮡ࠦ ᨬ ᯮ
        ᯥ䨪 %1s .


     %Wc ८ࠧ (W = ᯥ䨪 ਭ )

         㬥  㪠⥫  ᨢ ᨬ; -
        ᨢ ⮨  W ⮢ (char arg[W]).


     %s ८ࠧ

         㬥  㪠⥫  ᨢ ᨬ (har
        arg[]).

          ᨢ  size     (n+1) ,  n -
         ப s ( ᨬ).    蠥  ஡
          ᨬ  室      ப  (\n). ࠭⥫
        ப  (\0)  ⮬᪨         ப   ᫥
        뢠  ࠭  ᫥  ᨢ.


     %[ࠧ] ८ࠧ

           ᨬ,   祭      ᪮,  
          ଠ s.  㬥   㪠⥫
         ᨢ ᨬ (char arg[]).

          ᪮   ᥡ  ᨬ, ।-
          "ࠧ",  ⢮ ⨬ ᨬ,  -
            ப ( ).

        ᫨  ᨬ  ᪮  ᨬ (^),     -
           ASCII-ᨬ  室 ⮪,  ஬ -
        祭  ᪮. (筮 ᠬ ᨬ (^) 砥  
        ⨬ 室 ᨬ, ᫨   砥  ᪮
         ࠧ,   ࢮ 樨).

           ப,    ࠧ  ⮡ࠦ묨
        ᨬ.  㭪  ...scanf  뢠  ᮮ⢥饥 
          ࢮ ᨬ,  饣 ⮬ ⨬
           ᨬ  (  ⮬  ஢  ).
        ਢ  ਬ ⮣ ⨯ ८ࠧ:

         %[abcd] - ।,  室        
                   ᨬ a,b,c  d .
         %[^abcd]- ।,  室    孮    
                    ᨬ, ஬ a,b,c  d .

          ⠪ ᯮ짮 ࠭⥫    ᨬ
        (஢    㪢)      ᨬ. ਬ, 
        롮            ।   
        ᨬ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

           %[0123456789]

            ᠬ   । ᫥騬 ࠧ:

           %[0-9]

          롮 䠢⭮-஢ ᨬ   ᯮ짮
        ᫥騥 ⪨ :

           %[A-Z]          롨ࠥ  㪢 孥 ॣ

           %[0-9A-Za-z]    롨ࠥ      㪢
                           (孥   ॣ஢)

           %[A-FT-Z]       롨ࠥ  㪢 孥 ॣ    A
                            F   T  Z

          ।    ᨬ       
        ᫥騥 ࠢ:

         - ᨬ, ।騩  (-),   ᪨
           訬, 祬 ᨬ ᫥ .

         -           ,   ᫥ ᨬ
            ( ⨢ 砥  砥,    ࠭⥫
              ).

         - ᨬ      ஭      ࠭묨
           ᨬ          ਭ   㣮
           .

          ਢ ᪮쪮 ਬ஢,    -
          ⮫쪮 ᨬ ,      ᨬ:

           %[-+*/]          䬥᪨ ⢨

           %[z-a]           z,-  a

           %[+0-9-A-Z]      +  -,    0  9   A  Z

           %[^-0-9+A-Z]     ᨬ, ஬ +  -,  ⠪ ஬ ᨬ
                              0  9   A  Z

     %e,%E,%f,%g,% ८ࠧ ( 饩 ⮩)

        ᫠   饩  ⮩  室   ᮮ⢥⢮-
         ᫥饬 饬 ଠ:

            [+/-] ddddddddd [.] dddd [E|e] [+/-] ddd

         :  []    砥,        ""   
               易⥫  ⮬  ଠ;  ddd   ।⠢
               ᮡ  筮,  쬨筮   ⭠筮
               ᫮.

        ஬  ⮣,  +INF,  -INF, +NAN, -NAN ᯮ  ᫠ 
        饩 ⮩.  ,    訥 㪢
         易⥫묨.


     %d,%i,%o,%x,%D,%I,%O,%X,%c,%n ८ࠧ

        ⥫  ᨬ  ,  楫   (unsigned int)
          楫   (unsigned long)   ᯮ-
             ८ࠧ,   ᪠ 㪠⥫ 
        ᨬ, 楫   楫.


                        ᢠ

            ᢠ      祭  -
         㭪樨 ...scanf  ᨬ "窠" (*);  
        ᫥      ஬  ᢥ  몠  (
        ⠪ 砥 窮).

        ᫨  ᨬ (*) ᫥  ᯥ䨪樨  ଠ    ᨬ-
          (%),    ᫥饥  室   㤥 ⠭,  
        ᢮-  ᫥饬  ᭮  㬥.  ।,
          -    室    ᯥ ᨬ
        ⨯,  ᫥  ᨬ (*).

        祭  ᯥ譮 ࠢ   ࠧ殬    -
         ᢠ ।⢥ ᤥ .


                        䨪 ਭ

        䨪  ਭ  (n), 筮 楫 ᫮,  -
        ᨬ쭮  ⢮  ᨬ,      ⠭   
        ⥪饣  .

        ᫨  室  ᮤন , 祬 n ᨬ, 㭪 ...
        scanf 뢠 砫   ⮬      ᨬ,    ⥬
        ࠡ- 뢠 ᫥饥   ᯥ䨪 ଠ.

        ᫨  ⮡ࠦ    ८ࠧ㥬 ᨬ ⨫ 
        । 㪠 ਭ   ,    㭪  뢠,
        ८-  ࠧ    ࠧ頥    㪠    ᨬ,
        室騥  ⮡ࠦ   ८ࠧ㥬  ᨬ,
        ᫥ 祣 㭪   ᫥饩 ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ.

        ८ࠧ㥬묨     ᨬ,    
        ८ࠧ  ᮮ⢥⢨  㪠 ᯥ䨪樥  (⠪
        , ਬ, ᨬ "8"  "9"  쬨筮 ଠ 
        "J"  "K", ᫨  㪠  ⭠    
        ଠ).

     -----------------------------------------------------------------
        䨪 ਭ     ਭ    ࠭塞
                                        㭪樥 
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
               n                n  ᨬ  㤥  ⠭,  ८-
                               ࠧ  ࠭  , 㪠-
                                ⥪騬  㬥⮬  㭪-
                               樨
     -----------------------------------------------------------------


              䨪 室 ࠧ  ⨯ 㬥⮢

        䨪  室  ࠧ  (N    F)  䨪 ⨯
        㬥  (h,l    L)  뢠  ﭨ     
        㭪樥 ...scanf ᮮ⢥  㬥⮢ arg[f].

        F  N ⢫  ⠭  㬮砭  -
         ࠧ 㬥 arg.

        h,l  L 㪠뢠,  ⨯ 室   (ᨨ)  
        ᯮ짮   (h=short,  l=long,  L=long  double).  室
          ८ࠧ  ᮮ⢥⢨   㪠  ⨯.
        㬥  arg      室     㪠뢠 
        ꥪ  ᮮ⢥饣  ࠧ  (ꥪ  ⨯   short   
        ᯥ䨪樨  %h, ꥪ ⨯ long  double  ᯥ䨪樨
        %l  ꥪ ⨯ long double  %L).

     -----------------------------------------------------------------
        䨪          ८ࠧ
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
            F                ⠭    㬮砭  
                           ࠧ; arg  
                          㪠⥫ ⨯ far.

            N                ⠭    㬮砭  
                           ࠧ; arg  
                          㪠⥫   ⨯   near;         
                          ᯮ짮  ஢ ८ࠧ  
                          ஬ (huge)  .

            h               d,i,o,u,x ⨯: ८ࠧ   ⨯
                          short  ࠭  ꥪ ⨯ short;

                           D,I,O,U,X ⨯:  뢠 ﭨ

                           e,f,c,s,n,p ⨯:  뢠 ﭨ

            l              d,i,o,u,x ⨯: ८ࠧ    ⨯
                          long int  ࠭  ꥪ ⨯ long;

                           e,f,g ⨯: ८ࠧ   ⨯
                          double  ࠭  ꥪ ⨯ double;

                           D,I,O,U,X ⨯:  뢠 ﭨ

                           c,s,n,p ⨯:  뢠 ﭨ

            L              e,f,g ⨯: ८ࠧ   ⨯ long
                          double  ࠭  ꥪ ⨯ long
                          double.
                          L   뢠 ﭨ  㣨 ଠ.
     -----------------------------------------------------------------


              ...scanf ४頥 ⥭ ⮪ .

        㭪 ...scanf   ४  ⥭  ⮪    
        ⮣,      ᨬ   (⮡ࠦ
        ᨬ- ),   ᢮ ࠡ  ࠧ 稭.

        㭪 ...scanf ४ ⥭  ࠭ ⥪饣  
        ३   ᫥饬 室 , ᫨    
        ᫥ 砥:

        -    ᢠ (*) ᫥  ᨬ  (%)
            ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ; ⥪饥 室  㤥 ⠭,
             ࠭.

        -  뫮 ⠭ width ᨬ (width  -  ᯥ䨪  ਭ
           室 ,  ⥫쭮 楫 筮 ᫮  ᯥ-
           䨪樨 ଠ).

        -  騩 ⠭ ᨬ       ८ࠧ  
           ᮮ⢥⢨  ⥪騬 ଠ⮬ (ਬ,  "", ᫨ 
            ଠ).

        -  騩 ᨬ  室   ᮮ⢥ 
            ⨬ ᨬ,  㪠   ࠧ  (
           ᮮ⢥ ஢    ⨬
           ᨬ).

         㭪 ...scanf  ४頥  ⥭  ⥪饣  室
                  稭,  ᫥騩 ᨬ ⠥
        - ⠭  㤥  ᨬ ᫥饣 室 
          -  ᨬ   ᫥ ஢ ⥭
        .

        㭪 ...scanf     ᢮  ࠡ    ᫥騬
        稭:

        -  騩 ᨬ    室    ⨢  ᮮ⢥-
           饬 ⮡ࠦ ᨬ  ப ଠ⮢.

        -  騩 ᨬ  室   ᨬ EOF.

        -  ப ଠ⮢ ௠.

        ᫨  ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ,   ᯥ䨪-
         ଠ, ⨫  ப ଠ⮢,      
        ࠢ  ⥪饩 ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ 室 .
         ⮬ 㭪 ...scanf 㤥 ⢫ ⮫쪮 ⥭, 
          ࠭  ᮢ ᨬ. ᫨  ⥭ 室
         砥 ᨬ,  ᮢ騩    㪠,    
        ⠥    室         㭪樥 
        뢠.

     頥       㭪樨 ...scanf   ᫮  ᯥ譮
     祭          ⠭,  ८ࠧ   ࠧ饭-  
                       㪠  ᠬ  室  ;      -
                       頥 祭  砥 ᫮ ⠭
                         뫨 ⠭ 㭪樥,   뫨
                        ࠭.

                       ᫨  㭪  ⥭ 室 ⮪ -
                       砥 ਧ   䠩,      頥
                       祭 EOF.

                       ᫨        뫮 ࠭, 㭪
                       頥 祭 0.

     ७ᨬ     scanf 㯭  ⥬ UNIX   ᮢ⨬  
                       ANSI C. ।   ୨  .

     . ⠪         cscanf,fscanf,printf,sscanf,vfscanf,vscanf,
                       vsscanf



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     searchpath
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭          㯠  䠩  MS-DOS

     ⠪         char *searchpath (const char *file);

     ⨯         dir.h

     砭         searchpath ⠥ ᪠ 䠩,  ண
                         file.     㯠
                         DOS,  ।⠢ ப PATH=...
                       ணࠬ ।. 㭪 頥 㪠⥫
                         ப, ᮤঠ   㯠 
                       䠩.

                       searchpath 砫  䠩  ⥪饬 ⠫
                       ⥪饣   ன⢠.   ᫨  䠩      
                       㦥,   롨ࠥ  祭  ६
                       PATH   ணࠬ   ।       ⠫
                       䠩 ⥬ ஢  稥    
                       䠩.

                       ᫨  䠩  㦥, 頥 ப, -
                       ঠ   㯠    䠩.  
                       ப       ᯮ짮    맮
                       㭪権 㯠  䠩  (ਬ,  fopen  
                       exec...)

                       頥  ப  ࠧ頥  ᪮
                         ⮬  ࠧ蠥    ᫥
                       饭  searchpath.

     頥      searchpath 頥 㪠⥫  ப 
     祭          䠩, ᫨ 䠩 ᯥ譮 㦥,  ⨢
                       砥 頥 null.

     ७ᨬ     searchpath 㭨쭠  DOS.

     C. ⠪         exec..., spawn..., system

     ਬ            #include <stdio.h>
                       #include <dir.h>

                       main
                       {
                       char *p;

           p = searchpath("TLINK.EXE");
           printf(" 㯠  䠩 TLINK.EXE: %s\n",p);
           p = searchpath("NOTEXIST.FIL");
           printf(" 㯠  䠩 NOTEXIST.FIL: %s\n",p);
                       }

                       뢮 ணࠬ:

      㯠  䠩 TLINK.EXE: C:\DIN\TLINK.EXE
      㯠  䠩 NOTEXIST.FIL: (null)



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     sector
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        稢   ᥪ 

     ⠪         #include<graphics.h>
                       void far sector(int x, int y,
                                       int stangle, int endangle,
                                       int xradius, int yradius);

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         稢        ᥪ    
                       業஬  (x,y), ਧ⠫   ⨪
                       ࠤᠬ  xradius    yradius  ᮮ⢥⢥.
                       稢 ந   㣫  stangle  
                       㣫  endangle.      稢
                       ⥪騬 梥⮬   ࠧ殬  梥⮬,
                       묨 setfillstyle  setfillpattern.

                           㭪樨  sector   ࠤ.

                           ⨢  ᮢ   ५;   0
                       ࠤᮢ    ᮮ⢥      ᮢ
                       ५  3 , 90 ࠤᮢ ᮮ⢥  12
                       ᠬ  ..

                       ᫨     ᥪ  訡,
                       graphresult 頥 ᫮ -6 (grNoScanMem).

     頥      
     祭

     ७ᨬ       㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC   
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ.

     . ⠪         arc,circle,ellipse,getarccoords,getaspectratio,
                       pieslice,setfillpattern,setfillstyle,
                       setgraphbufsize



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     segread
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ⠥ ᥣ ॣ

     ⠪         #include <dos.h>
                       void segread(struct SREGS *segp);

     ⨯         dos.h

     砭         segread  ⥪騥 祭  ᥣ
                       ॣ஢    ,  㪠⥫   
                       ᮤন  segp.

                         맮  ।  ᯮ짮 
                       intdosx  int86x.

     頥      
     祭

     ७ᨬ     segread  㭨쭠    ᥬ⢠  ஢
                       8086

     . ⠪         FP_OFF, int86, intdos, MK_FP, movedata



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     setactivepage
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭        ⠭  ⨢  ᪮ 뢮
                       ࠭

     ⠪         #include<graphics.h>
                       void far setactivepage(int page);

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         setactivepage     ࠭      page
                       ⨢       ᪮   뢮.   
                       ᫥騩 ᪨ 뢮  㤥  ࠢ
                         ࠭.

                       ⨢ ᪠ ࠭   ( -
                          )   ࠭,   -
                           ࠭;     ⮣, ᪮쪮
                       ᪨ ࠭ 㯭   襩  ⥬.
                       쪮  ᪨    ⨯ VGA, EGA 
                       Hercules ন ᪮쪮 ࠭.

     頥      .
     祭

     ७ᨬ       㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC   
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ.

     . ⠪         setvisualpage

     ਬ            cleardevice();
                       /* ᤥ ࠭ 0  */
                       setvisual(0);
                       /* ᯮ짮  뢮 ࠭ 1 */
                       setactivepage(1);
                       /* ᮢ  ࠭ 1  */
                       bar(50,50,150,150);
                       /* ᢥ ࠭ 1 ( ᮩ) */
                       setvisualpage(1);



     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     setallpalette
     -----------------------------------------------------------------

     祭            梥   

     ⠪         #include<graphics.h>
                       void far setallpalette(struct palettetype
                                              far *palette);

     ⨯         graphics.h

     砭         setallpallete ⠭ ⥪    
                       ᮮ⢥⢨      祭ﬨ,  묨  
                         palettetype,      㪠뢠
                       palette.

                            㭪樨  setallpalette    
                         筮  梥  
                       EGA/VGA.

                       ⠭  MAXCOLORS     palettetype,
                       ᯮ㥬    setpalette,   ।   
                       graphics.h ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                       #define MAXCOLORS 15
                       struct palettetype {
                       unsigned char size;
                       signed char colors[MAXCOLORS + 1];
                       };

                       size  ।  ᫮  梥⮢     
                       ⥪饣  ᪮   ࠩ      ⥪饬
                       ०.

                       colors  ।⠢ ᮡ ᨢ  size ,
                       ᮤঠ騩 室 祭   梥⮢  
                         .

                       ᫨    ᨢ colors ࠢ -1,  梥
                         ⮩   .

                          ᨢ   colors,   ᯮ㥬   
                       setallpalette,            ।⠢

                       ᨬ᪨  ⠭⠬,  ।묨   
                       graphics.h

     -----------------------------------------------------------
                     ॠ 梥⮢
     -----------------------------------------------------------
              CGA                          EGA/VGA
                                   
     -----------------------------------------------------------
                 0         EGA_            0
                1         EGA_           1
                2         EGA_           2
                  3         EGA_             3
                4         EGA_           4
              5         EGA_         5
             6         EGA_        7
            7         EGA_      20
             8         EGA_       56
          9         EGA_    57
         10         EGA_    58
           11         EGA_      59
               12         EGA_          60
       13         EGA_  61
                14         EGA_           62
                 15         EGA_            63
     -----------------------------------------------------------

                         ⬥,  ⨬ 梥 
                        ⥪饣 ᪮  ࠩ    ⥪饣
                       ᪮ ०.

                                ਢ   
                        梥⮢  ࠭.

                       ਬ砭:     setallpalette           
                       ᯮ짮  ࠩ஬ IBM-8514.

     頥       訡  㭪樨 setallpalette 㭪
     祭          graphicresult  㤥    -11   (訡
                       ᪮  ० grError)  ⥪ 
                       ⠭  .

     ७ᨬ       㭪  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    IBM  PC   
                       ᮢ⨬            ᪨
                       ஫ࠬ.

     . ⠪         getpalette,graphresult,setbkcolor,setcolor,
                       setpalette
